Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-3 (section)

==== 3.7.1.2 No-till practices for reducing soil erosion in central Chile ====

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Soil erosion by water is an important problem in Chile. National assessments conducted in 1979, which examined 46% of the continental surface of the country, concluded that very high levels of soil erosion affected 36% of the territory. The degree of soil erosion increases from south to north. The leading locations in Chile are the region of Coquimbo with 84% of eroded soils (Lat. 29°S, semi-arid climate), the region of Valparaíso with 57% of eroded soils (Lat. 33°S, Mediterranean climate) and the region of O’Higgins with 37% of eroded soils (Lat. 34°S, Mediterranean climate). The most important drivers of soil erosion are soil, slope, climate erosivity (i.e., precipitation, intensity, duration and frequency) due to a highly concentrated rainy season, and vegetation structure and cover. In the region of Coquimbo, goat and sheep overgrazing have aggravated the situation (CIREN 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r1508|1508]]</sup> ). Erosion rates reach up to 100 t ha <sup>–1</sup> annually, having increased substantially over the last 50 years (Ellies 2000). About 10.4% of central Chile exhibits high erosion rates (greater than 1.1 t ha <sup>–1</sup> annually) (Bonilla et al. 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r1509|1509]]</sup> ).

Over the last few decades there has been an increasing interest in the development of no-till (also called zero tillage) technologies to minimise soil disturbance, reduce the combustion of fossil fuels and increase soil organic matter. No-till, in conjunction with the adoption of strategic cover crops, has positively impacted soil biology with increases in soil organic matter. Early evaluations by Crovetto, (1998) showed that no-till application (after seven years) had doubled the biological activity indicators compared to traditional farming and even surpassed those found in pasture (grown for the previous 15 years). Besides erosion control, additional benefits are an increase of water-holding capacity and reduction in bulk density. Currently, the above no-till farm experiment has lasted for 40 years and continues to report benefits to soil health and sustainable production (Reicosky and Crovetto 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1510|1510]]</sup> ). The influence of this iconic farm has resulted in the adoption of soil conservation practices – and especially no-till – in dryland areas of the Mediterranean climate region of central Chile (Martínez et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1511|1511]]</sup> ). Currently, it has been estimated that the area under no-till farming in Chile varies between 0.13 and 0.2 Mha (Acevedo and Silva 2003 <sup>[[#fn:r1512|1512]]</sup> ).

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