Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

==== 7.4.9.1 Barriers to adaptation ====

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There are human, social, economic, and institutional barriers to adaptation to land-climate challenges as described in Table 7.4 ( ''medium evidence, high agreement'' ). Considerable literature exists around changing behaviours through response options targeting social and cultural barriers (Rosin 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r932|932]]</sup> ; Eakin 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r933|933]]</sup> ; Marshall et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r934|934]]</sup> ) (Chapter 6).

Since the publication of the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) (IPCC 2014), research is emerging, examining the role of governance, institutions and (in particular) policy instruments, in creating or overcoming barriers to adaptation to land and climate change in the land-use sector (Foudi and Erdlenbruch 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r935|935]]</sup> ; Linnerooth-Bayer and Hochrainer-Stigler 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r936|936]]</sup> ). Evidence shows that understanding the local context and targeted approaches are generally most successful (Rauken et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r937|937]]</sup> ). Understanding the nature of constraints to adaptation is critical in determining how barriers may be overcome. Formal institutions (rules, laws, policies) and informal institutions (social and cultural norms and shared understandings) can be barriers and enablers of climate adaptation (Jantarasami et al. 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r938|938]]</sup> ).

Governments play a key role in intervening and confronting existing barriers by changing legislation, adopting policy instruments, providing additional resources, and building institutions and knowledge exchange (Ford and Pearce 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r939|939]]</sup> ; Measham et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r940|940]]</sup> ; Mozumder et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r941|941]]</sup> ; Storbjörk 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r942|942]]</sup> ). Understanding institutional barriers is important in addressing barriers ( ''high confidence'' ). Institutional barriers may exist due to the path-dependent nature of institutions governing natural resources and public good, bureaucratic structures that undermine horizontal and vertical integration (Section 7.6.2), and lack of policy coherence (Section 7.4.8).

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'''Table 7.4'''

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'''Soft barriers and limits to adaptation.'''

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{| class="wikitable"
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Category

Description

References

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Human

– Cognitive and behavioural obstacles – Lack of knowledge and information

Hornsey et al. 2016; Prokopy et al. 2015; Wreford et al. 2017

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Social

– Undermined participation in decision-making and social equity

Burton et al. 2008; Laube et al. 2012

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Economic

– Market failures and missing markets: transaction costs and political economy; ethical and distributional issues

– Perverse incentives<br />
– Lack of domestic funds; inability to access international funds

Chambwera et al. 2014b; Wreford et al. 2017; Rochecouste et al. 2015; Baumgart-Getz et al. 2012

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Institutional

– Mal-coordination of policies and response options; unclear responsibility of actors and leadership; misuse of power; all reducing social learning

– Government failures<br />
– Path-dependent institutions

Oberlack 2017; Sánchez et al. 2016; Greiner and Gregg 2011

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Technological

– Systems of mixed crop and livestock – Polycultures

Nalau and Handmer 2015

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