Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-4 (section)

===== 4.3.2.4.3 Social capital =====

Coastal communities draw on social structures and capabilities that can reduce risk and increase adaptive capacity in the face of coastal hazards (Aldrich, 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1120|1120]]</sup> ; Petzold, 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1121|1121]]</sup> ) . Although the term is subject to debate (Meyer, 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1122|1122]]</sup> ) , social capital—that is, the level of cohesion between individuals, between groups of individuals, and between people and institutions, within and between communities—is considered to be a key enabler for collective action to reduce risk and build adaptive capacity (Adger, 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r1123|1123]]</sup> ; Aldrich and Meyer, 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1124|1124]]</sup> ; Petzold and Ratter, 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1125|1125]]</sup> ) . Levels of social capital can be influenced by underlying social processes, such as socioeconomic (in)equalities, gender issues, health, social networks and social media. It applies to both developing and developed countries, for example in densely populated deltas (Jordan, 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1126|1126]]</sup> ) , European coasts (Jones and Clark, 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1127|1127]]</sup> ; Petzold, 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1128|1128]]</sup> ) , Asian urban or semi-urban coastal areas (Lo et al., 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1129|1129]]</sup> ; Triyanti et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1130|1130]]</sup> ) and Pacific islands (Neef et al., 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1131|1131]]</sup> ) . Social capital framed as an enabler for reducing vulnerability has been studied in the context of extreme events (risk prevention mechanisms, emergency responses and post-crisis actions) and collective environmental management (e.g., replanting mangroves, beach cleaning, etc.). Social capital also enables adaptation prospects. For example, its role has been explored in public acceptability of long-term coastal adaptation policies in the UK (Jones and Clark, 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1132|1132]]</sup> ; Jones et al., 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1133|1133]]</sup> ) . The role of social capital in building resilience to climate stress in coastal Bangladesh was explored by Jordan (2015) , who found complex and even contradictory interactions between social capital and resilience to climate stress. Among others, Jordan (2015) also advises caution about uncritical importation of such Westernised concepts in seeking to understand and address coastal vulnerability in developing countries.

<div id="section-4-3-2-4other-human-dimensions-block-5"></div>

<span id="risk-perception"></span>