Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-10 (section)

=== FAQ 10.2 | How hard is it to decarbonise heavy vehicles in transport like long-haul trucks, ships and planes? ===

<div id="h2-40-siblings" class="h2-siblings"></div>

There are few obvious solutions to decarbonising heavy vehicles like international ships and planes. The main focus has been increased efficiency, which so far has not prevented these large vehicles from becoming the fastest-growing source of GHG globally. These vehicles likely need alternative fuels that can be fitted to the present propulsion systems. Emerging demonstrations suggest that ammonia, advanced biofuels, or synthetic fuels could become commercial.

Electric propulsion using hydrogen fuel cells or Li-ion batteries could work with short-haul aviation and shipping, but the large long-lived vessels and aircraft likely need alternative liquid fuels for most major long-distance functions.

Advanced biofuels, if sourced from resources with low GHG footprints, offer decarbonisation opportunities. As shown in Chapters 2, 6, and 12, there are multiple issues constraining traditional biofuels. Sustainable land management and feedstocks, as well as R&amp;D efforts to improve lignocellulosic conversion routes, are key to maximising the mitigation potential from advanced biofuels.

Synthetic jet and marine fuels can be made using CO 2 captured with DAC/BECCS and low-carbon hydrogen. These fuels may also have less contrails-based climate impacts and lower emissions of local air pollutants. However, these fuels still require significant R&amp;D and demonstration.

The deployment of low-carbon aviation and shipping fuels that support decarbonisation of the transport sector will likely require changes to national and international governance structures.

<div id="references" class="h1-container"></div>