Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-14 (section)

===== 14.5.7.1.3 Arctic tourism =====

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Cruise and yacht tourism in the North American Arctic have increased rapidly over the past decade as changes in sea ice has expanded open-water areas and season length ( [[#Johnston--2016|Johnston et al., 2016]] ; [[#Pizzolato--2016|Pizzolato et al., 2016]] ; [[#Dawson--2018|Dawson et al., 2018]] ). The risk of a major accident or incident among Arctic-going yachts and some expedition passenger vessels is very high relative to other ships ( ''high confidence'' ) due to the combined increases in mobile ice, especially along the Northwest Passage ( [[#Barber--2018a|Barber et al., 2018a]] ; [[#Howell--2019|Howell and Brady, 2019]] ; [[#Copland--2021|Copland et al., 2021]] ; [[#Lemmen--2021|Lemmen et al., 2021]] ), limited regulation for private yachts ( [[#Dawson--2014|Dawson et al., 2014]] ; [[#Dawson--2017|Dawson et al., 2017]] ), the propensity for cruise ships to travel into newly ice-free and poorly charted areas, and the increasing number of non-ice-strengthened vessels operating in the region ( [[#Dawson--2018|Dawson et al., 2018]] ; [[#Copland--2019|Copland et al., 2019]] ; [[#Copland--2021|Copland et al., 2021]] ). Compounding risks include a lack of hydrographic charting and the lack of emergency response infrastructure (e.g., spill response, search and rescue, salvage) ( [[#Amap--2017|Amap, 2017]] ). Tourism demand for polar bear viewing in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, may change due to climate-related declines in polar bear health ( [[#Gil--2015|Gil et al., 2015]] ; [[#Manuel-Navarrete--2015|Manuel-Navarrete and Pelling, 2015]] ), but may be offset by ‘Last Chance Tourism’ (LCT), a niche tourism market of individuals who explicitly seek to visit vanishing landscapes and/or disappearing flora and fauna ( [[#Lemelin--2010|Lemelin et al., 2010]] ). The ethics of promoting LCT has been questioned considering that more visitation to sensitive sites increases local impacts as well as travel-related emissions ( [[#Groulx--2016|Groulx et al., 2016]] ; [[#Groulx--2019|Groulx et al., 2019]] ).

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