Editing IPCC:AR6/WGI/Chapter-Atlas (section)

=== Model Evaluation, Technical Infrastructure and the Interactive Atlas ===

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'''The regional performance of CMIP6 global climate models (GCMs) has improved overall compared to CMIP5 in simulating mean temperature and precipitation, though large errors still exist in some regions (''' ''high confidence'' '''). In particular, improvements have been seen over Africa which has belatedly become a focus for GCM model development''' '''.''' Other specific improvements include over East Asia for temperature and the winter monsoon, over parts of South Asia for the summer monsoon, over Australia (including influences of modes of variability), in simulation of Antarctic temperatures and Arctic sea ice. Notable errors include large cold biases in mountain ranges in South Asia, a significant wet bias over Central Asia, in the East Asia summer monsoon and in Antarctic precipitation. An in-depth evaluation of CMIP6 models is lacking for several regions (North and South East Asia, parts of West Central Asia, Central and South America), though CMIP5 models have been evaluated for many of these. { [[IPCC:Wg1:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.3.1|3.3.1]] , [[IPCC:Wg1:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.3.2|3.3.2]] , [[#Atlas.4.3|Atlas.4.3]] , [[#Atlas.5.1.3|Atlas.5.1.3]] , [[#Atlas.5.2.3|Atlas.5.2.3]] , [[#Atlas.5.3.3|Atlas.5.3.3]] , [[#Atlas.5.4.3|Atlas.5.4.3]] , [[#Atlas.5.5.3|Atlas.5.5.3]] , [[#Atlas.6.1|Atlas.6.1.3]] , [[#Atlas.6.2|Atlas.6.2.3]] , [[#Atlas.7|Atlas.7.3]] , [[#Atlas.8.3|Atlas.8.3]] , [[#Atlas.9.3|Atlas.9.3]] , [[#Atlas.10.3|Atlas.10.3]] , [[#Atlas.11.1.3|Atlas.11.1.3]] , [[#Atlas.11.2.3|Atlas.11.2.3]] }

'''Since AR5, the improvement in regional climate modelling and the growing availability of regional simulations through coordinated dynamical downscaling initiatives such as CORDEX, have advanced the understanding of regional climate variability, adding value to CMIP global models, particularly in complex topography zones, coastal areas and small islands, and in the representation of extremes (''' ''high confidence'' ''').''' In particular, regional climate models (RCMs) with polar-optimized physics are important for estimating the regional and local surface mass balance and are improved compared to reanalyses and GCMs when evaluated with observations ( ''high confidence'' ). There is still a lack of high-quality and high-resolution observational data to assess observational uncertainty in climate studies, and this compromises the ability to evaluate models ( ''high confidence'' ). { [[#Atlas.4.3|Atlas.4.3]] , [[#Atlas.5.1.3|Atlas.5.1.3]] , [[#Atlas.5.2.3|Atlas.5.2.3]] , [[#Atlas.5.3.3|Atlas.5.3.3]] , [[#Atlas.5.4.3|Atlas.5.4.3]] , [[#Atlas.5.5.3|Atlas.5.5.3]] , [[#Atlas.6.1|Atlas.6.1.3]] , [[#Atlas.6.2|Atlas.6.2.3]] , [[#Atlas.7|Atlas.7.3]] , [[#Atlas.8.3|Atlas.8.3]] , [[#Atlas.9.3|Atlas.9.3]] , [[#Atlas.10.3|Atlas.10.3]] , [[#Atlas.11.1.3|Atlas.11.1.3]] , [[#Atlas.11.2.3|Atlas.11.2.3]] }

'''Significant improvements in technical infrastructure, open tools and methodologies for accessing and analysing observed and simulated climate data, and the progressive adoption of FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability) data principles have''' ''very likely'' '''broadened the ability to interact with these data for a wide range of activities, including fundamental climate research, providing inputs into assessments of impacts, building resilience and developing adaptations.''' Tools to analyse and assess climate information have improved to allow development of information that goes beyond averages (e.g., on future climate thresholds and extremes) and that is relevant for regional climate risk assessments. { Atlas.2.2, [[#Atlas.2.3|Atlas.2.3]] }

'''The Interactive Atlas is a new WGI product developed to take advantage of the interactivity offered by web applications by allowing flexible and expanded exploration of some key products underpinning the assessment (including extreme indices and climatic impact-drivers).''' This provides a transparent interface for access to authoritative IPCC results, facilitating their use in applications and climate services. The Interactive Atlas implements FAIR principles and builds on open tools and, therefore, is an important step towards making IPCC results more reproducible and reusable. { Atlas.2, Interactive Atlas }

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