Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-3 (section)

=== Box 3.6 | Poverty and Inequality ===

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There is high confidence ( ''medium evidence'' , ''high agreement'' ) that the eradication of extreme poverty and universal access to energy can be achieved without resulting in significant GHG emissions ( [[#Tait--2012|Tait and Winkler 2012]] ; [[#Chakravarty--2013|Chakravarty and Tavoni 2013]] ; [[#Pachauri--2013|Pachauri et al. 2013]] ; [[#Pachauri--2014|Pachauri 2014]] ; [[#Rao--2014|Rao 2014]] ; [[#Hubacek--2017b|Hubacek et al. 2017b]] ; [[#Poblete-Cazenave--2021|Poblete-Cazenave et al. 2021]] ). There is also high agreement in the literature that a focus on well-being and decent living standards for all can reduce disparities in access to basic needs for services concurrently with climate mitigation ( [[IPCC:Wg3:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.2|Section 5.2]] ). Mitigation pathways in which national redistribution of carbon-pricing revenues is combined with international climate finance, achieve poverty reduction globally ( [[#Fujimori--2020b|Fujimori et al. 2020b]] ; [[#Soergel--2021b|Soergel et al. 2021b]] ). Carbon-pricing revenues in mitigation pathways consistent with limiting temperature increase to 2°C could also contribute to finance investment needs for basic infrastructure ( [[#Jakob--2016|Jakob et al. 2016]] ) and the achievement of the SDGs ( [[#Franks--2018|Franks et al. 2018]] ).

Several studies conclude that reaching higher income levels globally, beyond exiting extreme poverty, and achieving more qualitative social objectives and well-being, are associated with higher emissions ( [[#Ribas--2017|Ribas et al. 2017]] , 2019; [[#Hubacek--2017b|Hubacek et al. 2017b]] ; [[#Fischetti--2018|Fischetti 2018]] ; [[#Scherer--2018|Scherer et al. 2018]] ). Studies give divergent results on the effect of economic inequality reduction on emissions, with either an increase or a decrease in emissions ( [[#Berthe--2015|Berthe and Elie 2015]] ; [[#Lamb--2015|Lamb and Rao 2015]] ; [[#Grunewald--2017|Grunewald et al. 2017]] ; [[#Hubacek--2017a|Hubacek et al. 2017a]] ,b; [[#Jorgenson--2017|Jorgenson et al. 2017]] ; [[#Knight--2017|Knight et al. 2017]] ; [[#Mader--2018|Mader 2018]] ; [[#Rao--2018|Rao and Min 2018]] ; [[#Liu--2019|Liu et al. 2019]] ; [[#Sager--2019|Sager 2019]] ; [[#Baležentis--2020|Baležentis et al. 2020]] ; [[#Liobikienė--2020|Liobikienė 2020]] ; [[#Liobikienė--2020|Liobikienė and Rimkuvienė 2020]] ; [[#Liu--2020b|Liu et al. 2020b]] ; [[#Millward-Hopkins--2021|Millward-Hopkins and Oswald 2021]] ). However, the absolute effect of economic inequality reduction on emissions remains moderate, under the assumptions tested. For instance, [[#Sager--2019|Sager (2019)]] finds that a full redistribution of income leading to equality among US households in a counterfactual scenario for 2009 would raise emissions by 2.3%; and [[#Rao--2018|Rao and Min (2018)]] limit to 8% the maximum plausible increase in emissions that would accompany the reduction of the global Gini coefficient from its current level of 0.55 to a level of 0.3 by 2050. Similarly, reduced income inequality would lead to a global energy-demand increase of 7% ( [[#Oswald--2021|Oswald et al. 2021]] ). Reconciling mitigation and inequality reduction objectives requires policies that take into account both objectives at all stages of policymaking ( [[#Markkanen--2019|Markkanen and Anger-Kraavi 2019]] ), including focusing on the carbon intensity of lifestyles ( [[#Scherer--2018|Scherer et al. 2018]] ), attention to sufficiency and equity ( [[#Fischetti--2018|Fischetti 2018]] ) ''',''' and targeting the consumption of the richest and highest-emitting households ( [[#Otto--2019|Otto et al. 2019]] ).

In modelled mitigation pathways, inequality in per-capita emissions between regions are generally reduced over time, and the reduction is generally more pronounced in lower-temperature pathways (Box 3.6, Figure 1). Already in 2030, if NDCs from the Paris Agreement, announced prior to COP26, are fully achieved, inequalities in per-capita GHG emissions between countries would be reduced ( [[#Benveniste--2018|Benveniste et al. 2018]] ).

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[[File:b3e0dab14ffe7ed8a5d1f64df075b87c IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Box_3_6_Figure_1.png]]

'''Box 3.6, Figure 1 | Difference in per-capita emissions of Kyoto gases between the highest emitting and the lowest emitting of the 10 regions, in 2030 and 2050, by temperature category of pathways.'''

Through avoiding impacts of climate change, which fall more heavily on low-income countries, communities and households, and exacerbate poverty, mitigation reduces inequalities and poverty ( [[#3.6.4.2|Section 3.6.4.2]] ).

The remainder of this section covers specific domains of sustainable development: food ( [[#3.7.2|Section 3.7.2]] ), water ( [[#3.7.3|Section 3.7.3]] ), energy ( [[#3.7.4|Section 3.7.4]] ), health ( [[#3.7.5|Section 3.7.5]] ), biodiversity ( [[#3.7.6|Section 3.7.6]] ) and multi-sector – cities, infrastructure, industry, production and consumption ( [[#3.7.7|Section 3.7.7]] ). These represent the areas with the strongest research connecting mitigation to sustainable development. The links to individual SDGs are given within these sections. Each domain covers the benefits of avoided climate impacts and the implications (synergies and trade-offs) of mitigation efforts.

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