Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

==== 7.4.9.5 Overcoming barriers ====

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Policy instruments that strengthen agricultural producer assets or capital reduce vulnerability and overcome barriers to adaptation (Hurlbert 2018b, 2015b <sup>[[#fn:r975|975]]</sup> ). Additional factors like formal education and knowledge of traditional farming systems, secure tenure rights, access to electricity and social institutions in rice-farming areas of Bangladesh have played a positive role in reducing adaptation barriers (Alam 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r976|976]]</sup> ). A review of more than 168 publications over 15 years about adaptation of water resources for irrigation in Europe found the highest potential for action is in improving adaptive capacity and responding to changes in water demands, in conjunction with alterations in current water policy, farm extension training, and viable financial instruments (Iglesias and Garrote 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r977|977]]</sup> ). Research on the Great Barrier Reef, the Olifants River in Southern Africa, and fisheries in Europe, North America, and the Antarctic Ocean, suggests that the leading factor in harnessing the adaptive capacity of ecosystems is to reduce human stressors by enabling actors to collaborate across diverse interests, institutional settings, and sectors (Biggs et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r978|978]]</sup> ; Schultz et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r979|979]]</sup> ; Johnson and Becker 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r980|980]]</sup> ). Fostering equity and participation are correlated with the efficacy of local adaptation to secure food and livelihood security (Laube et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r981|981]]</sup> ). In this chapter, we examine the literature surrounding appropriate policy instruments, decision-making, and governance practices to overcome limits and barriers to adaptation.

Incremental adaptation consists of actions where the central aim is to maintain the essence and integrity of a system or process at a given site, whereas transformational adaptation changes the fundamental attributes of a system in response to climate and its effects; the former is characterised as doing different things and the latter, doing things differently (Noble et al. 2014). Transformational adaptation is necessary in situations where there are hard limits to adaptation or it is desirable to address deficiencies in sustainability, adaptation, inclusive development and social equity (Kates et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r982|982]]</sup> ; Mapfumo et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r983|983]]</sup> ). In other situations, incremental changes may be sufficient (Hadarits et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r984|984]]</sup> ).

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