Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.4.2.5 Impacts of Changing Ocean on Sustainable Development Goals ====

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Climate change impacts will have consequences for the ability of human society to achieve sustainable development. SR15 concludes that “Limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C would make it markedly easier to achieve many aspects of sustainable development, with greater potential to eradicate poverty and reduce inequalities ( ''medium evidence, high agreement'' )”. This assessment focuses on how climate change impacts on marine ecosystems would challenge sustainable development, using the United Nations SDGs as a framework to discuss the linkages between those issues.

Climate impacts on marine ecosystems affect their ability to provide seafood and raw materials, and to support biodiversity, habitats and other regulating processes (Section 5.4.1), and these impacts on the ocean affect people directly and indirectly (Sections 5.4.2.1, 5.4.2.2, 5.4.2.3). SDG 14 is the goal that is most directly relevant: “Life below water: including indicators for marine pollution, habitat restoration and protected areas, ocean acidification, fisheries, and coastal development.”

Climate impacts in the ocean to other SDGs are mediated through social and economic factors when the SDG targets are affected (Singh et al. 2019 <sup>[[#fn:r1605|1605]]</sup> ). For example, climate impacts on marine ecosystem services related to primary industries that provide food, income and livelihood to people have direct implications for a range of SDGs. These SDGs include ‘no poverty’ (SDG 1), ‘zero hunger’ (SDG 2), ‘decent work and economic growth’ (SDG 8), ‘reduced inequalities’ (SDG 10) and ‘responsible consumption and production’ (SGD 12) (Singh et al. 2019 <sup>[[#fn:r1606|1606]]</sup> , Figure 5.22). These impacts relate to changing ocean under climate change that affect the pathways to build sustainable economies and eliminate poverty (Sections 5.4.2.4), eliminate hunger and achieve food security (Section 5.4.2.1.3), reduce inequalities (Sections 5.4.2.2) and achieve responsible consumption and production (Sections 5.4.2.3.1) (Carvalho et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1607|1607]]</sup> ; Castells-Quintana et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1608|1608]]</sup> ). Climate change is also creating living conditions in coastal areas that are less suitable to human settlement and changing distributions of marine disease vectors (Section 5.4.2.1.1, 5.4.2.3.3), reducing our chances of achieving the goal for good health and well-being (SDG 3) (Pearse, 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1609|1609]]</sup> ; Wouters et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1610|1610]]</sup> ). Women are often engaged in jobs and livelihood sources that are more exposed to climate change impacts from the ocean such as impacts on fisheries (Section 5.4.2.3.1) and impacts of SLR on coastal regions (Chapter 4). For example, in Senegal, women disproportionately engage in rice crop cultivation in coastal flood plain (Linares, 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r1611|1611]]</sup> ), and are thus exposed to the risks on their livelihood from rising sea levels and resulting salinisation (Dennis et al., 1995 <sup>[[#fn:r1612|1612]]</sup> ). Flooding in Bangladesh has increased the vulnerability of women to harassment and abuse as the flooding upends normal life and increases crime rates (Azad et al., 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1613|1613]]</sup> ). As such, climate change may negatively affect our ability to achieve “gender equality” (SDG 5) (Salehyan, 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r1614|1614]]</sup> ). Impacts on living conditions as well as changing recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual experiences also affect our ability to achieve ‘sustainable cities and communities’ (SDG 11) (Section 5.4.2.2.1). The consequences of climate change in the ocean to achieving the remaining SDGs are less clear. However, the SDGs are interlinked, and achieving SDG 14, and especially the targets of increasing economic benefits to SIDS and Least Developed Countries, as well as eliminating illegal fishing and overfishing, will benefits all other SDGs (Singh et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1615|1615]]</sup> ). The interlinkages among SDGS mean climate change impact on the ocean will affect all other SDGs beside SDG14 in various ways, some possible direct and many indirect ( ''low confidence'' ).

Overall, climate change impacts on the ocean will negatively affect the chance of achieving the SDGs and sustaining their benefits ( ''medium confidence'' ).

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'''Figure 5.22 | Summary of the types of relationships (negative, neutral and positive) between impacted marine ecosystem services (Provisioning, Regulating, Supporting and Cultural) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) based on literature review and expert-based analysis (Singh et al. 2019). Pie charts represent the proportion of targets within SDGs that a particular ocean SDG target […]'''
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Figure 5.22 | Summary of the types of relationships (negative, neutral and positive) between impacted marine ecosystem services (Provisioning, Regulating, Supporting and Cultural) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) based on literature review and expert-based analysis (Singh et al. 2019). Pie charts represent the proportion of targets within SDGs that a particular ocean SDG target contributes to according to the literature reviewed and expert-based analysis presented in Singh et al. (2019).

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