Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-12 (section)

==== 12.5.2.5 Challenges and Opportunities ====

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There is ''low evidence and high agreement'' that empowering local stakeholders (e.g., multi-lateral fisheries agreements) improves public awareness and simplifies regulations and increases the flexibility and sustainability of marine resources managed in fisheries under future scenarios ( [[#Weatherdon--2016|Weatherdon et al., 2016]] ; [[#Kalikoski--2019|Kalikoski et al., 2019]] ). Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) has emerged as a suitable tool to minimise the risk to climate change, avoid ecosystem degradation and related services ( [[#Gullestad--2017|Gullestad et al., 2017]] ). Further, when EBFM includes climate complexity and the relationships among species within the ecological systems it contributes to maintain long-term socioeconomic benefits ( [[#Long--2015|Long et al., 2015]] ). There is ''high confidence'' that EbA is more successful and feasible than hard coastal defences for the protection, management and restoration of ocean and coastal ecosystems and their resources ( [[#Spalding--2014|Spalding et al., 2014]] ; [[#González--2017|González and Holtmann-Ahumada, 2017]] ; [[#Scarano--2017|Scarano, 2017]] ).

There is ''high confidence'' that ecological and social resilience is improved by the presence of adequate metrics to evaluate adaptation measures to allow dynamic changes; and by increasing basic research and climate data ( [[#Moreno--2020b|Moreno et al., 2020b]] ). Resilience also increases with the existence of EWSs, improved local institutions, the construction of adequate infrastructure, major funding for capacity building and the enhanced engagement and empowerment of women ( [[#FAO--2016b|FAO, 2016b]] ; [[#Harper--2017|Harper et al., 2017]] ; [[#Frangoudes--2018|Frangoudes and Gerrard, 2018]] ; [[#Gallardo-Fernández--2018|Gallardo-Fernández and Saunders, 2018]] ; [[#Leal%20Filho--2018|Leal Filho, 2018]] ).

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