Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-4 (section)

==== 4.9.6.1 Management of coastal wetlands ====

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Tropical cyclones mainly, but not exclusively, affect coastal regions, threatening maintenance of the associated ecosystems, mangroves, wetlands, seagrasses, and so on. These areas not only provide food, water and shelter for fish, birds and other wildlife, but also provide important ecosystem services such as water-quality improvement, flood abatement and carbon sequestration (Meng et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1511|1511]]</sup> ).

Despite their importance, coastal wetlands are listed amongst the most heavily damaged of natural ecosystems worldwide. Starting in the 1990s, wetland restoration and re-creation became a ‘hotspot’ in the ecological research fields (Zedler 2000 <sup>[[#fn:r1512|1512]]</sup> ). Coastal wetland restoration and preservation is an extremely cost-effective strategy for society, for example, the preservation of coastal wetlands in the USA provides storm protection services, with a cost of 23.2 billion USD yr <sup>–1</sup> (Costanza et al. 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r1513|1513]]</sup> ).

There is a ''high agreement'' with ''medium evidence'' that the success of wetland restoration depends mainly on the flow of the water through the system, the degree to which re-flooding occurs, disturbance regimes, and the control of invasive species (Burlakova et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r1514|1514]]</sup> ; López-Rosas et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1515|1515]]</sup> ). The implementation of the Ecological Mangrove Rehabilitation protocol (López-Portillo et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1516|1516]]</sup> ) that includes monitoring and reporting tasks, has been proven to deliver successful rehabilitation of wetland ecosystem services.

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'''Figure 4.10'''

<span id="decision-tree-showing-recommended-steps-and-tasks-to-restore-a-mangrove-wetland-based-on-original-site-conditions.-modified-from-bosire-et-al.-2008."></span>
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'''Decision tree showing recommended steps and tasks to restore a mangrove wetland based on original site conditions. (Modified from Bosire et al. 2008.)'''
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[[File:3efd3985210292342c41b92880022bc4 Figure-4.10-1024x667.jpg]]

Decision tree showing recommended steps and tasks to restore a mangrove wetland based on original site conditions. (Modified from Bosire et al. 2008. <sup>[[#fn:r1656|1656]]</sup> )

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