Editing IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-4 (section)

==== 4.4.1.1 Institutions and their capacity to invoke far-reaching and rapid change ====

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Institutions – the rules and norms that guide human interactions (Section 4.4.2) – enable or impede the structures, mechanisms and measures that guide mitigation and adaptation. Institutions, understood as the ‘rules of the game’ (North, 1990) <sup>[[#fn:r822|822]]</sup> , exert direct and indirect influence over the viability of 1.5°C-consistent pathways (Munck et al., 2014; Willis, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r823|823]]</sup> . Governance would be needed to support wide-scale and effective adoption of mitigation and adaptation options. Institutions and governance structures are strengthened when the principle of the ‘commons’ is explored as a way of sharing management and responsibilities (Ostrom et al., 1999; Chaffin et al., 2014; Young, 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r824|824]]</sup> . Institutions would need to be strengthened to interact amongst themselves, and to share responsibilities for the development and implementation of rules, regulations and policies (Ostrom et al., 1999; Wejs et al., 2014; Craig et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r825|825]]</sup> , with the goal of ensuring that these embrace equity, justice, poverty alleviation and sustainable development, enabling a 1.5°C world (Reckien et al., 2017; Wood et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r826|826]]</sup> .

Several authors have identified different modes of cross-stakeholder interaction in climate policy, including the role played by large multinational corporations, small enterprises, civil society and non-state actors. Ciplet et al. (2015) <sup>[[#fn:r827|827]]</sup> argue that civil society is to a great extent the only reliable motor for driving institutions to change at the pace required. Kern and Alber (2009) <sup>[[#fn:r828|828]]</sup> recognize different forms of collaboration relevant to successful climate policies beyond the local level. Horizontal collaboration (e.g., transnational city networks) and vertical collaboration within nation-states can play an enabling role (Ringel, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r829|829]]</sup> . Vertical and horizontal collaboration requires synergistic relationships between stakeholders (Ingold and Fischer, 2014; Hsu et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r830|830]]</sup> . The importance of community participation is emphasized in literature, and in particular the need to take into account equity and gender considerations (Chapter 5) (Graham et al., 2015; Bryan et al., 2017; Wangui and Smucker, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r831|831]]</sup> . Participation often faces implementation challenges and may not always result in better policy outcomes. Stakeholders, for example, may not view climate change as a priority and may not share the same preferences, potentially creating a policy deadlock (Preston et al., 2013, 2015; Ford et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r832|832]]</sup> .

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