Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

==== 7.5.1.1 Formal Decision Making ====

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Formal decision-making processes can occur at all levels, including the global, regional, national and sub-national levels (Section 7.4.1). Formal decision-making support tools can be used, for example, by farmers, to answer ‘what-if’ questions as to how to respond to the effects of changing climate on soils, rainfall and other conditions (Wenkel et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1000|1000]]</sup> ).

Optimal formal decision-making is based on realistic behaviour of actors, important in land–climate systems, assessed through participatory approaches, stakeholder consultations and by incorporating results from empirical analyses. Mathematical simulations and games (Lamarque et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1001|1001]]</sup> ), behavioural models in land-based sectors (Brown et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1002|1002]]</sup> ), agent-based models and micro- simulations are examples useful to decision-makers (Bishop et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1003|1003]]</sup> ). These decision-making tools are expanded on in Section 7.5.2.

There are different ways to incorporate local knowledge, informal institutions and other contextual characteristics that capture non- deterministic elements, as well as social and cultural beliefs and systems more generally, into formal decision-making ( ''medium evidence, medium agreement'' ) (Section 7.6.4). Classic scientific methodologies now include participatory and interdisciplinary methods and approaches (Jones et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1004|1004]]</sup> ). Consequently, this broader range of approaches may capture informal and indigenous knowledge, improving the participation of indigenous peoples in decision-making processes, and thereby promote their rights to self-determination (Malogdos and Yujuico 2015b <sup>[[#fn:r1005|1005]]</sup> ) (Cross-Chapter Box 13 in Chapter 7).

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