Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-8 (section)

==== 8.6.2.2 The Water–Energy–Food–Nexus Approach ====

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Increasing demands for water, energy, food and materials are putting pressure on resource supply, and hence the nexus approach can inform transition pathways for interlinked resource systems ( [[#Johnson--2019|Johnson et al., 2019]] ). The nexus approach, especially the water–energy–food nexus, is used to examine synergies and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation ( [[#Howells--2014|Howells and Rogner, 2014]] ). As reviewed by [[#Wiegleb--2018|Wiegleb and Bruns (2018)]] , early use of the concept was by the World Economic Forum in 2008 where it was emphasised that issues of economic growth need to be considered within water, energy and food resource systems. This was later published as ''Water Security: The Water–Food–Energy–Climate Nexus'' . Another key activity was the Bonn2011 Nexus conference. Then, in 2015, The Nexus Dialogue Programme was held by the UN and EU Commissions as an approach to implement the SDGs. UN Water underscores the water–energy–food nexus as central to development ( [[#Newell--2019|Newell et al., 2019]] ). It notes that demand for water, food and energy are rising due to a growing population, rapid urbanisation, changing diets and economic growth, and in most cases, the lack of knowledge on the water–energy–food nexus has often led to mismatches in prioritisation and decision making which hinders sustainable development ( [[#Mitra--2020|Mitra et al., 2020]] ). However, the benefits of nexus approach are not always easily quantified and often accrue to local communities over time ( [[#Amjath-Babu--2019|Amjath-Babu et al., 2019]] ).

A well-coordinated and integrated nexus approach offers opportunities to build resilient systems while harmonising interventions, mitigating trade-offs and hence improving sustainability ( [[#Biggs--2015|Biggs et al., 2015]] ). This can be achieved through greater resource mobilisation and coordination, policy convergence across sectors and targeting nexus points in the broader landscape ( [[#Mpandeli--2018|Mpandeli et al., 2018]] ). Studies utilising the nexus approach to climate change in different places show considerably different results. In the southern African region, climate change is already affecting water–energy–food resources and exerting further pressure on already scarce resources. It is proposed that adaptation can be achieved through cross-sectoral management of resources, by adopting water management practices, aiming to produce more food and energy with less water resources and adopting cleaner and renewable sources of energy. This will result in saving water and ensuring energy security in a region that depends on hydro and coal energy sources ( [[#Mpandeli--2018|Mpandeli et al., 2018]] ). Applying the nexus approach to the Hindu Kush Himalayan region identified three challenges: increasing population and declining agricultural land, stagnating or declining food production and increasingly water- and energy-intensive food production despite water and energy scarcity ( [[#Rasul--2016|Rasul and Sharma, 2016]] ). Nexus smart adaptation policies need to be complemented with system-wide adaptation, policy coherence and sectoral coordination that targets poverty and vulnerability linkages ( [[#Rasul--2016|Rasul and Sharma, 2016]] ).

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