Editing IPCC:AR6/WGI/TS (section)

== Box TS.14 | Urban Areas ==

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'''With global warming, urban areas and cities will be affected by more frequent occurrences of extreme climate events, such as heatwaves, with more hot days and warm nights as well as sea level rise and increases in tropical cyclone storm surge and rainfall intensity that will increase the probability of coastal city flooding (''high confidence''). Links to chapters Box 10.3, 11.3, 11.5, 12.3, 12.4'''

Urban areas have special interactions with the climate system, for instance in terms of heat islands and altering the water cycle, and thereby will be more affected by extreme climate events such as extreme heat (''high confidence''). With global warming, increasing relative sea level compounded by increasing tropical cyclone storm surge and rainfall intensity will increase the probability of coastal city flooding (''high confidence''). Arctic coastal settlements are particularly exposed to climate change due to sea ice retreat (''high confidence''). Improvements in urban climate modelling and climate monitoring networks have contributed to understanding the mutual interaction between regional and urban climate (''high confidence''). Links to chapters Box 10.3, 11.3, 11.5, 12.3, 12.4

Despite having a negligible effect on global surface temperature (''high confidence''), urbanization has exacerbated the effects of global warming through its contribution to the observed warming trend in and near cities, particularly in annual mean minimum temperature (''very high confidence'') and increases in mean and extreme precipitation over and downwind of the city, especially in the afternoon and early evening (''medium confidence''). Links to chapters 2.3, Box 10.3, 11.3, 11.4, 12.3, 12.4

Combining climate change projections with urban growth scenarios, future urbanization will amplify (''very high confidence'') the projected local air temperature increase, particularly by strong influence on minimum temperatures, which is approximately comparable in magnitude to global warming (''high confidence''). Compared to present day, large implications are expected from the combination of future urban development and more frequent occurrence of extreme climate events, such as heatwaves, with more hot days and warm nights adding to heat stress in cities (''very high confidence''). Links to chapters Box 10.2, 11.3, 12.4

Both sea levels and air temperatures are projected to rise in most coastal settlements (''high confidence''). There is ''high confidence'' in an increase in pluvial flood potential in urban areas where extreme precipitation is projected to increase, especially at high global warming levels. Links to chapters 11.4, 11.5, 12.4
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