Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-8 (section)

== References ==

<div id="h1-10-siblings" class="h1-siblings"></div>

<div id="Abdullah--2020"></div>

Abdullah, H., and E. Garcia-Chueca, 2020: Cacophony or Complementarity? The Expanding Ecosystem of City Networks Under Scrutiny. In: ''City Diplomacy'' [Amiri, S. and E. Sevin, (eds.)]. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 37–58.

<div id="Abid--2021"></div>

Abid, H., J. Thakur, D. Khatiwada, and D. Bauner, 2021: Energy storage integration with solar PV for increased electricity access: A case study of Burkina Faso. ''Energy'' , '''230''' , 120656, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.120656.

<div id="Abino--2014"></div>

Abino, A.C., J.A.A. Castillo, and Y.J. Lee, 2014: Assessment of species diversity, biomass and carbon sequestration potential of a natural mangrove stand in Samar, the Philippines. ''Forest Sci. Technol.'' , '''10(1)''' , 2–8, doi:10.1080/21580103.2013.814593.

<div id="Acakpovi--2019"></div>

Acakpovi, A., R. Abubakar, N.Y. Asabere, and I.B. Majeed, 2019: Barriers and prospects of smart grid adoption in Ghana. ''Procedia Manuf.'' , '''35''' , 1240–1249, doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.082.

<div id="Acuto--2021"></div>

Acuto, M. and B. Leffel, 2021: Understanding the global ecosystem of city networks. ''Urban Stud.'' , '''58(9)''' , 1758–1774, doi:10.1177/0042098020929261.

<div id="Acuto--2019"></div>

Acuto, M., K. Steenmans, E. Iwaszuk, and L. Ortega-Garza, 2019: Informing urban governance? Boundary-spanning organisations and the ecosystem of urban data. ''Wiley Online Libr.'' , '''51(1)''' , 94–103, doi:10.1111/area.12430.

<div id="Adam--2021"></div>

Adam, M.G., P.T.M. Tran, and R. Balasubramanian, 2021: Air quality changes in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown: A critical review. ''Atmos. Res.'' , '''264''' , 105823, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105823.

<div id="Adams--2019"></div>

Adams, E.A., H. Price, and J. Stoler, 2019: Urban slums, drinking water, and health: Trends and lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa. In: ''Handbook of Global Urban Health'' [Vojnovic, I., A.L. Pearson, A. Gershim, G. DeVerteuil, and A. Allen, (eds.)]. Routledge, New York, NY, USA, pp. 533–552.

<div id="Adegun--2017"></div>

Adegun, O.B., 2017: Green infrastructure in relation to informal urban settlements. ''J. Archit. Urban.'' , '''41(1)''' , 22–33, doi:10.3846/20297955.2017.1296791.

<div id="Affolderbach--2017"></div>

Affolderbach, J. and C. Schulz, 2017: Positioning Vancouver through urban sustainability strategies? The Greenest City 2020 Action Plan. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''164''' , 676–685, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.234.

<div id="Afionis--2017"></div>

Afionis, S., M. Sakai, K. Scott, J. Barrett, and A. Gouldson, 2017: Consumption-based carbon accounting: does it have a future? ''Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change'' , '''8''' , e438, doi:10.1002/wcc.438.

<div id="Aguiar--2018"></div>

Aguiar, F.C. et al., 2018: Adaptation to climate change at local level in Europe: An overview. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''86''' , 38–63, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.04.010.

<div id="Agyepong--2017"></div>

Agyepong, A.O. and G. Nhamo, 2017: Green procurement in South Africa: perspectives on legislative provisions in metropolitan municipalities. ''Environ. Dev. Sustain.'' , '''19(6)''' , 2457–2474, doi:10.1007/s10668-016-9865-9.

<div id="Ahlfeldt--2018"></div>

Ahlfeldt, G.M. and D.P. McMillen, 2018: Tall buildings and land values: Height and construction cost elasticities in Chicago, 1870-2010. ''Rev. Econ. Stat.'' , '''100(5)''' , 861–875, doi:10.1162/rest_a_00734.

<div id="Ahlfeldt--2020"></div>

Ahlfeldt, G.M. and J. Barr, 2020: Viewing urban spatial history from tall buildings. ''Reg. Sci. Urban Econ.'' , 103618, doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2020.103618.

<div id="Ahmad--2020"></div>

Ahmad, S., H. Jia, Z. Chen, Q. Li, and C. Xu, 2020: Water-energy nexus and energy efficiency: A systematic analysis of urban water systems. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''134''' , 110381, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110381.

<div id="Ajanovic--2019"></div>

Ajanovic, A., and R. Haas, 2019: On the environmental benignity of electric vehicles. ''J. Sustain. Dev. Energy, Water Environ. Syst.'' , '''7(3)''' , 416–431, doi:10.13044/j.sdewes.d6.0252.

<div id="Aklin--2018"></div>

Aklin, M., S.P. Harish, and J. Urpelainen, 2018: A global analysis of progress in household electrification. ''Energy Policy'' , '''122''' , 421–428, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.07.018.

<div id="Al-Kindi--2020"></div>

Al-Kindi, S.G., R.D. Brook, S. Biswal, and S. Rajagopalan, 2020: Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease: lessons learned from air pollution. ''Nat. Rev. Cardiol.'' , '''17(10)''' , doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0371-2.

<div id="Alhamwi--2018"></div>

Alhamwi, A., W. Medjroubi, T. Vogt, and C. Agert, 2018: Modelling urban energy requirements using open source data and models. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''231''' , 1100–1108, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.164.

<div id="Allam--2019"></div>

Allam, Z. and D. Jones, 2019: The Potential of Blockchain within Air Rights Development as a Prevention Measure against Urban Sprawl. ''Urban Sci.'' , '''3(1)''' , 38, doi:10.3390/urbansci3010038.

<div id="Allan--2020"></div>

Allan, A., 2020: Book Reviews: Resilient Cities: Overcoming Fossil Fuel Dependence. ''Urban Policy Res.'' , '''38(1)''' , 74–79, doi:10.1080/08111146.2019.1687399.

<div id="Álvarez Fernández--2018"></div>

Álvarez Fernández, R., 2018: A more realistic approach to electric vehicle contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in the city. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''172''' , 949–959, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.158.

<div id="Alves--2019"></div>

Alves, A., B. Gersonius, Z. Kapelan, Z. Vojinovic, and A. Sanchez, 2019: Assessing the Co-Benefits of green-blue-grey infrastructure for sustainable urban flood risk management. ''J. Environ. Manage.'' , '''239''' , 244–254, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.036.

<div id="Alzate-Arias--2018"></div>

Alzate-Arias, S., Á. Jaramillo-Duque, F. Villada, and B. Restrepo-Cuestas, 2018: Assessment of government incentives for energy from waste in Colombia. ''Sustainability'' , '''10(4)''' , 1294, doi:10.3390/su10041294.

<div id="Ambole--2019"></div>

Ambole, A. et al., 2019: Mediating household energy transitions through co-design in urban Kenya, Uganda and South Africa. ''Energy Res. Soc. Sci.'' , '''55''' , 208–217, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2019.05.009.

<div id="Amundi and IFC--2021"></div>

[[#Amundi%20and%20IFC--2021|Amundi and IFC, 2021]] : ''Emerging Market Green Bonds Report 2020'' . Amundi Asset Management (Amundi) and International Finance Corporation (IFC), Washington, DC, USA, 38 pp.

<div id="Andreoni--2021"></div>

Andreoni, V., 2021: Estimating the European CO 2 emissions change due to COVID-19 restrictions. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''769''' , 145115, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145115.

<div id="Andrés-Doménech--2018"></div>

Andrés-Doménech, I., S. Perales-Momparler, A. Morales-Torres, and I. Escuder-Bueno, 2018: Hydrological Performance of Green Roofs at Building and City Scales under Mediterranean Conditions. ''Sustainability'' , '''10''' '''(9)''' , 3105, doi:10.3390/su10093105.

<div id="Anguelovski--2019"></div>

Anguelovski, I., C. Irazábal-Zurita, and J.J.T. Connolly, 2019: Grabbed Urban Landscapes: Socio-spatial Tensions in Green Infrastructure Planning in Medellín. ''Int. J. Urban Reg. Res.'' , '''43(1)''' , 133–156, doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12725.

<div id="Aon--2021"></div>

[[#Aon--2021|Aon, 2021]] : ''Weather, Climate &amp; Catastrophe Insight'' . 2020 Annual Report, Aon, Chicago, IL, USA, 81 pp. [https://www.aon.com/global-weather-catastrophe-natural-disasters-costs-climate-change-2020-annual-report/index.html?utm_source=prnewswire&utm_medium=mediarelease&utm_campaign=natcat21 https:// www.aon.com/ global-weather-catastrophe-natural-disasters-costs-climate-change-2020-annual-report/index.html?utm_source=prnewswire&amp;utm_medium=mediarelease&amp;utm_campaign=natcat21] (Accessed October 22, 2021).

<div id="Araos--2017"></div>

Araos, M., J. Ford, L. Berrang-Ford, R. Biesbroek, and S. Moser, 2017: Climate change adaptation planning for Global South megacities: the case of Dhaka. ''J. Environ. Policy Plan.'' , '''19(6)''' , 682–696, doi:10.1080/1523908X.2016.1264873.

<div id="Archer--2016"></div>

Archer, D., 2016: Building urban climate resilience through community-driven approaches to development. ''Int. J. Clim. Change Strateg. Manag.'' , '''8(5)''' , 654–669, doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2014-0035.

<div id="Arias--2021"></div>

Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A. Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, N.P. Gillett, L. Goldfarb, I. Gorodetskaya, J.M. Gutierrez, R. Hamdi, E. Hawkins, H.T. Hewitt, P. Hope, A.S. Islam, C. Jones, D.S. Kaufman, R.E. Kopp, Y. Kosaka, J. Kossin, S. Krakovska, J.-Y. Lee, J. Li, T. Mauritsen, T.K. Maycock, M. Meinshausen, S.-K. Min, P.M.S. Monteiro, T. Ngo-Duc, F. Otto, I. Pinto, A. Pirani, K. Raghavan, R. Ranasinghe, A.C. Ruane, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, B.H. Samset, S. Sathyendranath, S.I. Seneviratne, A.A. Sörensson, S. Szopa, I. Takayabu, A.-M. Tréguier, B. van den Hurk, R. Vautard, K. von Schuckmann, S. Zaehle, X. Zhang, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: Technical Summary. In ''Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA.

<div id="Arioli--2020"></div>

Arioli, M.S., M. de A. D’Agosto, F.G. Amaral, and H.B.B. Cybis, 2020: The evolution of city-scale GHG emissions inventory methods: A systematic review. ''Environ. Impact Assess. Rev.'' , '''80''' , 106316, doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2019.106316.

<div id="Asarpota--2020"></div>

Asarpota, K. and V. Nadin, 2020: Energy strategies, the Urban dimension, and spatial planning. ''Energies'' , '''13(14)''' , 3642, doi:10.3390/en13143642.

<div id="Ataöv--2021"></div>

Ataöv, A. and E. Peker, 2021: Co-designing Local Climate Action: A Methodological Framework from a Democratic Perspective. In: ''Governance of Climate Responsive Cities. The Urban Book Series'' [Ataöv, A. and E. Peker, (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 147–164.

<div id="Austin--2019"></div>

Austin, K.G., A. Schwantes, Y. Gu, and P.S. Kasibhatla, 2019: What causes deforestation in Indonesia? ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''14(2)''' , 024007, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/AAF6DB.

<div id="Ayerakwa--2017"></div>

Ayerakwa, H.M., 2017: Urban households’ engagement in agriculture: implications for household food security in Ghana’s medium sized cities. ''Geogr. Res.'' , '''55(2)''' , 217–230, doi:10.1111/1745-5871.12205.

<div id="Azunre--2021"></div>

Azunre, G.A., O. Amponsah, S.A. Takyi, and H. Mensah, 2021: Informality-sustainable city nexus: The place of informality in advancing sustainable Ghanaian cities. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''67''' , 102707, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.102707.

<div id="Bačeković--2018"></div>

Bačeković, I. and P.A. Østergaard, 2018: A smart energy system approach vs a non-integrated renewable energy system approach to designing a future energy system in Zagreb. ''Energy'' , '''155''' , 824–837, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.075.

<div id="Baeumler--2012"></div>

Baeumler, A., E. Ijjasz-Vasquez, and S. Mehndiratta, 2012: ''Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China'' . [Baeumler, A., E. Ijjasz-Vasquez, and S. Mehndiratta, (eds.)]. The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 516 pp.

<div id="Bagheri--2019"></div>

Bagheri, M., S.H. Delbari, M. Pakzadmanesh, and C.A. Kennedy, 2019: City-integrated renewable energy design for low-carbon and climate-resilient communities. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''239''' , 1212–1225, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.031.

<div id="Bai--2016"></div>

Bai, X. et al., 2016: Defining and advancing a systems approach for sustainable cities. ''Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.'' , '''23''' , 69–78, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2016.11.010.

<div id="Bai--2018"></div>

Bai, X. et al., 2018: Six research priorities for cities and climate change. ''Nature'' , '''555(7694)''' , 23–25, doi:10.1038/d41586-018-02409-z.

<div id="Bain--2016"></div>

Bain, P.G. et al., 2016: Co-benefits of addressing climate change can motivate action around the world. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''6(2)''' , 154–157, doi:10.1038/nclimate2814.

<div id="Baiocchi--2015"></div>

Baiocchi, G., F. Creutzig, J. Minx, and P.P. Pichler, 2015: A spatial typology of human settlements and their CO2 emissions in England. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''34''' , 13–21, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.001.

<div id="Bakır--2018"></div>

Bakır, Y., D. Neşe, K. Umut, M. Güngör, and B. Bostancı, 2018: Planned development versus unplanned change: The effects on urban planning in Turkey. ''Land use policy'' , '''77''' , 310–321, doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.036.

<div id="Bartolozzi--2017"></div>

Bartolozzi, I., F. Rizzi, and M. Frey, 2017: Are district heating systems and renewable energy sources always an environmental win-win solution? A life cycle assessment case study in Tuscany, Italy. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''80(C)''' , 408–420, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.231.

<div id="Battiston--2021"></div>

Battiston, S., I. Monasterolo, K. Riahi, and B.J. van Ruijven, 2021: Accounting for finance is key for climate mitigation pathways. ''Science'' , '''372(6545)''' , 918–920, doi:10.1126/science.abf3877.

<div id="Baur--2015"></div>

Baur, A.H., M. Förster, and B. Kleinschmit, 2015: The spatial dimension of urban greenhouse gas emissions: analyzing the influence of spatial structures and LULC patterns in European cities. ''Landsc. Ecol.'' , '''30(7)''' , 1195–1205, doi:10.1007/s10980-015-0169-5.

<div id="Baurzhan--2016"></div>

Baurzhan, S. and G.P. Jenkins, 2016: An economic appraisal of solar versus combined cycle electricity generation for African countries that are capital constrained. ''Energy Environ.'' , '''27''' '''(2)''' , 241–256, doi:10.1177/0958305X15627546.

<div id="Beermann--2016"></div>

Beermann, J., A. Damodaran, K. Jörgensen, and M.A. Schreurs, 2016: Climate action in Indian cities: an emerging new research area. ''J. Integr. Environ. Sci.'' , '''13(1)''' , 55–66, doi:10.1080/1943815X.2015.1130723.

<div id="Bellinson--2019"></div>

Bellinson, R. and E. Chu, 2019: Learning pathways and the governance of innovations in urban climate change resilience and adaptation. ''J. Environ. Policy Plan.'' , '''21(1)''' , 76–89, doi:10.1080/1523908X.2018.1493916.

<div id="Belzunegui-Eraso--2020"></div>

Belzunegui-Eraso, A. and A. Erro-Garcés, 2020: Teleworking in the context of the Covid-19 crisis. ''Sustainability'' , '''12(9)''' , 3662, doi:10.3390/su12093662.

<div id="Bernstad Saraiva Schott--2015"></div>

Bernstad Saraiva Schott, A. and A. Cánovas, 2015: Current practice, challenges and potential methodological improvements in environmental evaluations of food waste prevention – A discussion paper. ''Resour. Conserv. Recycl.'' , '''101''' , 132–142, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.05.004.

<div id="Berrisford--2018"></div>

Berrisford, S., L.R. Cirolia, and I. Palmer, 2018: Land-based financing in sub-Saharan African cities. ''Environ. Urban.'' , '''30(1)''' , 35–52, doi:10.1177/0956247817753525.

<div id="Berry--1964"></div>

Berry, B.L.J., 1964: Cities as Systems within Systems of Cities. ''Pap. Reg. Sci. Assoc.'' , '''13''' , 146–163, doi:10.1007/BF01942566.

<div id="Berry--2015"></div>

Berry, P.M. et al., 2015: Cross-sectoral interactions of adaptation and mitigation measures. ''Clim. Change'' , '''128(3)''' , 381–393, doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1214-0.

<div id="Besir--2018"></div>

Besir, A.B. and E. Cuce, 2018: Green roofs and facades: A comprehensive review. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''82(Part 1)''' , 915–939, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.106.

<div id="Bevilacqua--2016"></div>

Bevilacqua, P., D. Mazzeo, R. Bruno, and A. Natale, 2016: Experimental investigation of the thermal performances of an extensive green roof in the Mediterranean area. ''Energy Build.'' , '''122''' , 63–79, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.03.062.

<div id="Beygo--2017"></div>

Beygo, K., and M.A. Yüzer, 2017: Early energy simulation of urban plans and building forms. ''A/Z: ITU J. Fac. Archit.'' , '''14(1)''' , 13–23, doi:10.5505/itujfa.2017.67689.

<div id="Bhattacharya--2016"></div>

Bhattacharya, A., J. Meltzer, J. Oppenheim, Z. Qureshi, and N. Stern, 2016: ''Delivering on Sustainable Infrastructure for Better Development and Better Climate'' . The Brookings Institution, The New Climate Economy (NCE), and the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, Washington, DC, USA, 160 pp. [https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/global_122316_delivering-on-sustainable-infrastructure.pdf https:// www.brookings. edu/ wp-content/uploads/2016/12/global_122316_delivering-on-sustainable- infrastructure.pdf] (Accessed June 7, 2019).

<div id="Bibri--2020"></div>

Bibri, S.E., 2020: Compact urbanism and the synergic potential of its integration with data-driven smart urbanism: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review. ''Land use policy'' , '''97''' , 104703, doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104703.

<div id="Bielenberg--2016"></div>

Bielenberg, A., M. Kerlin, J. Oppenheim, and M. Roberts, 2016: ''Financing change: How to mobilize private sector financing for sustainable infrastructure'' . McKinsey Center for Business and Environment, Washington DC, USA, 68 pp. https://newclimateeconomy.report/workingpapers/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2016/04/Financing_change_How_to_mobilize_private-sector_financing_for_sustainable-_infrastructure.pdf (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="Birkmann--2016"></div>

Birkmann, J., T. Welle, W. Solecki, S. Lwasa, and M. Garschagen, 2016: Boost resilience of small and mid-sized cities. ''Nature'' , '''537''' , 605–608, doi:10.1038/537605a.

<div id="Bisaro--2018"></div>

Bisaro, A. and J. Hinkel, 2018: Mobilizing private finance for coastal adaptation: A literature review. ''WIREs Clim. Change'' , '''9(3)''' , doi:10.1002/wcc.514.

<div id="Bjørkelund--2016"></div>

Bjørkelund, O.A., H. Degerud, and E. Bere, 2016: Socio-demographic, personal, environmental and behavioral correlates of different modes of transportation to work among Norwegian parents. ''Arch. Public Heal.'' , '''74(43)''' , doi:10.1186/s13690-016-0155-7.

<div id="Blais--2005"></div>

Blais, A.-M., S. Lorrain, Y. Plourde, and L. Varfalvy, 2005: Organic Carbon Densities of Soils and Vegetation of Tropical, Temperate and Boreal Forests. In: ''Greenhouse Gas Emissions — Fluxes and Processes'' [Tremblay, A., L. Varfalvy, C. Roehm, and M. Garneau, (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 155–185.

<div id="Blanchet--2015"></div>

Blanchet, T., 2015: Struggle over energy transition in Berlin: How do grassroots initiatives affect local energy policy-making? ''Energy Policy'' , '''78''' , 246–254, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.001.

<div id="Blanco--2018"></div>

Blanco, H., and A. Wikstrom, 2018: ''Transit-Oriented Development Opportunities Among Failing Malls'' . National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST), Davis, CA, USA, 25 pp.

<div id="Blanco--2011"></div>

Blanco, H., P. McCarney, S. Parnell, M. Schmidt, and K.C. Seto, 2011: The Role of Urban Land in Climate Change. In: ''Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network'' [Rosenzweig, C., W.D. Solecki, S.A. Hammer, and S. Mehrotra, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 217–248.

<div id="Blay-Palmer--2019"></div>

Blay-Palmer, A., D. Conaré, K. Meter, and A. Di Battista, 2019: ''Sustainable food system assessment: lessons from global practice'' . 1st ed. [Blay-Palmer, A., D. Conaré, K. Meter, A. Di Battista, and J. Carla, (eds.)]. Routledge, London, UK, 282 pp.

<div id="Blok--2012"></div>

Blok, K., N. Höhne, K. van der Leun, and N. Harrison, 2012: Bridging the greenhouse-gas emissions gap. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''2(7)''' , 471–474, doi:10.1038/nclimate1602.

<div id="Bogdanov--2021"></div>

Bogdanov, D., A. Gulagi, M. Fasihi, and C. Breyer, 2021: Full energy sector transition towards 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalination. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''283''' , 116273, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116273.

<div id="Boltz--2019"></div>

Boltz, M., K. Marazyan, and P. Villar, 2019: Income hiding and informal redistribution: A lab-in-the-field experiment in Senegal. ''J. Dev. Econ.'' , '''137''' , 78–92, doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.11.004.

<div id="Borjas--2020"></div>

Borjas, G., 2020: ''Demographic Determinants of Testing Incidence and COVID-19 Infections in New York City Neighborhoods'' . National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA, USA, 29 pp.

<div id="Bouteligier--2013"></div>

Bouteligier, S., 2013: Inequality in new global governance arrangements: the North-South divide in transnational municipal networks. ''Innovation'' , '''26(3)''' , 251–267, doi:10.1080/13511610.2013.771890.

<div id="Boyer--2017"></div>

Boyer, D. and A. Ramaswami, 2017: What Is the Contribution of City-Scale Actions to the Overall Food System’s Environmental Impacts?: Assessing Water, Greenhouse Gas, and Land Impacts of Future Urban Food Scenarios. ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''51(20)''' , 12035–12045, doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b03176.

<div id="Brand--2021"></div>

Brand, C. et al., 2021: The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''67''' , 102224, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224.

<div id="Braun--2015"></div>

Braun, G. and S. Hazelroth, 2015: Energy Infrastructure Finance: Local Dollars for Local Energy. ''Electr. J.'' , '''28(5)''' , 6–21, doi:10.1016/j.tej.2015.05.008.

<div id="Brenna--2014"></div>

Brenna, M., A. Dolara, F. Foiadelli, S. Leva, and M. Longo, 2014: Urban Scale Photovoltaic Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles. ''IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy'' , '''5''' '''(4)''' , 1234–1241, doi:10.1109/TSTE.2014.2341954.

<div id="Broekhoff--2015"></div>

Broekhoff, D., P. Erickson, and C. Lee, 2015: ''What cities do best: Piecing together an efficient global climate governance'' . Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Seattle, WA, USA, 38 pp. https://mediamanager.sei.org/documents/Publications/Climate/SEI-WP-2015-15-Cities-vertical-climate-governance.pdf (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="Brown--2015"></div>

Brown, A.M., 2015: Sustaining African Cities: Urban Hunger and Sustainable Development in East Africa. ''Int. J. Environ. Cult. Econ. Soc. Sustain. Annu. Rev.'' , '''11''' , 1–12, doi:10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v11/55133.

<div id="Brown--2016"></div>

Brown, D. and G. McGranahan, 2016: The urban informal economy, local inclusion and achieving a global green transformation. ''Habitat Int.'' , '''53''' , 97–105, doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.002.

<div id="Brozynski--2018"></div>

Brozynski, M.T. and B.D. Leibowicz, 2018: Decarbonizing power and transportation at the urban scale: An analysis of the Austin, Texas Community Climate Plan. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''43''' , 41–54, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.005.

<div id="BSI--2013"></div>

[[#BSI--2013|BSI, 2013]] : ''PAS 2070: Incorporating Amendment No. 1: Specification for the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions of a city: direct plus supply chain and consumption-based methodologies'' . BSI Standards Limited, London, UK, 26 pp.

<div id="Buchner--2019"></div>

Buchner, B. et al., 2019: ''Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019'' . Climate Policy Initiative (CPI), London, UK, 36 pp.

<div id="Bucsky--2020"></div>

Bucsky, P., 2020: Modal share changes due to COVID-19: The case of Budapest. ''Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect.'' , '''8''' , 100141, doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100141.

<div id="Buffa--2019"></div>

Buffa, S., M. Cozzini, M. D’Antoni, M. Baratieri, and R. Fedrizzi, 2019: 5th generation district heating and cooling systems: A review of existing cases in Europe. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''104''' , 504–522, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059.

<div id="Bulkeley--2012"></div>

Bulkeley, H. et al., 2012: Governing Climate Change Transnationally: Assessing the Evidence from a Database of Sixty Initiatives. ''Environ. Plan. C Gov. Policy'' , '''30(4)''' , 591–612, doi:10.1068/c11126.

<div id="Buonocore--2016"></div>

Buonocore, J.J. et al., 2016: Health and climate benefits of different energy-efficiency and renewable energy choices. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''6''' , 100–106, doi:10.1038/nclimate2771.

<div id="Butcher-Gollach--2018"></div>

Butcher-Gollach, C., 2018: Planning and Urban Informality—Addressing Inclusiveness for Climate Resilience in the Pacific. In: ''Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies for Coastal Communities'' [Filho, W.L., (ed.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 43–68.

<div id="Butler--2014"></div>

Butler, D. et al., 2014: A New Approach to Urban Water Management: Safe and Sure. ''16th Conference on Water Distribution System Analysis'' . Procedia Engineering, Vol. 89, Bari, Italy, pp. 347–354.

<div id="Buyana--2019"></div>

Buyana, K., D. Byarugaba, H. Sseviiri, G. Nsangi, and P. Kasaija, 2019: Experimentation in an African Neighborhood: Reflections for Transitions to Sustainable Energy in Cities. ''Urban Forum'' , '''30(2)''' , 191–204, doi:10.1007/s12132-018-9358-z.

<div id="Byrne--2016"></div>

Byrne, J. and J. Taminiau, 2016: A review of sustainable energy utility and energy service utility concepts and applications: realizing ecological and social sustainability with a community utility. ''Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Energy Environ.'' , '''5(2)''' , 136–154, doi:10.1002/wene.171.

<div id="Byrne--2017"></div>

Byrne, J., J. Taminiau, K.N. Kim, J. Lee, and J. Seo, 2017: Multivariate analysis of solar city economics: impact of energy prices, policy, finance, and cost on urban photovoltaic power plant implementation. ''Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Energy Environ.'' , '''6(4)''' , doi:10.1002/wene.241.

<div id="C40 Cities--2018"></div>

[[#C40%20Cities--2018|C40 Cities, 2018]] : ''Benefits of Urban Climate Action: C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report 2018 - Quito'' . C40 Cities, 5 pp. https://c40.ent.box.com/s/fpxk4j5xjhxrewbpyer6ciuk38cpc5t2 (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="C40 Cities--2020"></div>

[[#C40%20Cities--2020|C40 Cities, 2020]] : 1,000 cities racing to zero emissions. ''UNFCCC Race to Zero'' , November 9. [https://racetozero.unfccc.int/1000-cities-racing-to-zero-emissions/ https://racetozero.unfccc.int/1000-cities-racing-to-zero- emissions/] (Accessed January 6, 2021).

<div id="C40 Cities--2020b"></div>

[[#C40%20Cities--2020|C40 Cities, 2020]] b: ''Benefits of Urban Climate Action: C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report 2019 - Rio de Janeiro'' . C40 Cities, 5 pp. [https://c40.ent.box.com/s/pllwmupmsdro15jabnmez7lwv3krtl6w https://c40.ent.box .com/s/pllwmupmsdro15jabnmez7lwv3krtl6w] (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="C40 Cities--2020c"></div>

[[#C40%20Cities--2020|C40 Cities, 2020]] c: ''Benefits of Urban Climate Action: C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report July 2020 - Bengaluru Electric Buses'' . C40 Cities, 5 pp. https://c40.ent.box.com/s/vg8galdyb108lcaar6luwvub4wz78tpm (Accessed March 30, 2021).

<div id="C40 Cities--2020d"></div>

[[#C40%20Cities--2020|C40 Cities, 2020]] d: ''Benefits of Urban Climate Action: C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report 2020 - Jakarta Electric Buses'' . C40 Cities, 6 pp. https://c40.ent.box.com/s/5ochjfppuprp7bl08z00w4cl8ybwpjcb (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="C40 Cities--2020e"></div>

[[#C40%20Cities--2020|C40 Cities, 2020]] e: ''Benefits of Urban Climate Action: C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report May 2020 - Medellín Electric Buses'' . C40 Cities, 5 pp. https://c40.ent.box.com/s/n8qnv8tbiyc6tlbxibem280p1tlol7yr (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="C40 Cities--2019"></div>

C40 Cities, ARUP, and University of Leeds, 2019: ''The Future of Urban Consumption in a 1.5C World - C40 Cities Headline Report'' . C40 Cities, ARUP, and the University of Leeds, New York, NY, USA, 133 pp. https://www.c40.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/2270_C40_CBE_MainReport_250719.original.pdf (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="Cai--2019"></div>

Cai, B. et al., 2019: China city-level greenhouse gas emissions inventory in 2015 and uncertainty analysis. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''253''' , 113579, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113579.

<div id="Caldarice--2021"></div>

Caldarice, O., N. Tollin, and M. Pizzorni, 2021: The relevance of science-policy-practice dialogue. Exploring the urban climate resilience governance in Italy. ''City, Territ. Archit.'' , '''8(9)''' , doi:10.1186/s40410-021-00137-y.

<div id="Calderón Márquez--2020"></div>

Calderón Márquez, A.J. and E.W. Rutkowski, 2020: Waste management drivers towards a circular economy in the global south – The Colombian case. ''Waste Manag.'' , '''110''' , 53–65, doi:10.1016/J.WASMAN.2020.05.016.

<div id="Calthorpe--1993"></div>

Calthorpe, P., 1993: ''The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream'' . Princeton Architectural Press, Princeton, NJ, USA, 180 pp.

<div id="Calvillo--2016"></div>

Calvillo, C.F., A. Sánchez-Miralles, and J. Villar, 2016: Energy management and planning in smart cities. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''55''' , 273–287, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.133.

<div id="Calvin--2017"></div>

Calvin, K. et al., 2017: The SSP4: A world of deepening inequality. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''42''' , 284–296, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.010.

<div id="Cambou--2018"></div>

Cambou, A. et al., 2018: Estimation of soil organic carbon stocks of two cities, New York City and Paris. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''644''' , 452–464, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.322.

<div id="Cao--2017"></div>

Cao, X., and W. Yang, 2017: Examining the effects of the built environment and residential self-selection on commuting trips and the related CO 2 emissions: An empirical study in Guangzhou, China. ''Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ.'' , '''52(B)''' , 480–494, doi:10.1016/j.trd.2017.02.003.

<div id="Carpio--2016"></div>

Carpio, M., J. Roldán-Fontana, R. Pacheco-Torres, and J. Ordóñez, 2016: Construction waste estimation depending on urban planning options in the design stage of residential buildings. ''Constr. Build. Mater.'' , '''113''' , 561–570, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.061.

<div id="Carreiro--2009"></div>

Carreiro, M.M., R.V. Pouyat, C.E. Tripler, and W.X. Zhu, 2009: Carbon and nitrogen cycling in soils of remnant forests along urban–rural gradients: Case studies in the New York metropolitan area and Louisville, Kentucky. In: ''Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach'' [McDonnell, M.J., A.K. Hahs, and J.H. Breuste, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 308–328.

<div id="Carter--2021"></div>

Carter, T.R. et al., 2021: A conceptual framework for cross-border impacts of climate change. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''69''' , 102307, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102307.

<div id="Castán Broto--2017a"></div>

Castán Broto, V., 2017a: Energy landscapes and urban trajectories towards sustainability. ''Energy Policy'' , '''108''' , 755–764, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.009.

<div id="Castán Broto--2017b"></div>

Castán Broto, V., 2017b: Urban Governance and the Politics of Climate change. ''World Dev.'' , '''93''' , 1–15, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.031.

<div id="Cazzola--2019"></div>

Cazzola, P. et al., 2019: ''Global EV Outlook 2019: Scaling up the transition to electric mobility'' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France, 232 pp. [https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2019 https:// www.iea.org/ reports/global-ev-outlook-2019] (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="CCFLA--2015"></div>

[[#CCFLA--2015|CCFLA, 2015]] : ''The State of City Climate Finance 2015'' . Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance (CCFLA), New York, NY, USA, 65 pp. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2201CCFLA-State-of-City-Climate-Finance-2015.pdf (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="Chan--2015"></div>

Chan, S. et al., 2015: Reinvigorating International Climate Policy: A Comprehensive Framework for Effective Nonstate Action. ''Glob. Policy'' , '''6(4)''' , 466–473, doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12294.

<div id="Chan--2018"></div>

Chan, S., R. Falkner, M. Goldberg, and H. van Asselt, 2018: Effective and geographically balanced? An output-based assessment of non-state climate actions. ''Clim. Policy'' , '''18(1)''' , 24–35, doi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1248343.

<div id="Chang--2017"></div>

Chang, K.M. et al., 2017: Ancillary health effects of climate mitigation scenarios as drivers of policy uptake: a review of air quality, transportation and diet co-benefits modeling studies. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''12''' '''(11)''' , 113001, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa8f7b.

<div id="Chapman--2017"></div>

Chapman, J., 2017: Value Capture Taxation as an Infrastructure Funding Technique. ''Public Work. Manag. Policy'' , '''22(1)''' , 31–37, doi:10.1177/1087724X16670395.

<div id="Charani Shandiz--2021"></div>

Charani Shandiz, S., B. Rismanchi, and G. Foliente, 2021: Energy master planning for net-zero emission communities: State of the art and research challenges. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''137''' , 110600, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110600.

<div id="Chava--2016"></div>

Chava, J., and P. Newman, 2016: Stakeholder deliberation on developing affordable housing strategies: Towards inclusive and sustainable transit-oriented developments. ''Sustainability'' , '''8(10)''' , 11–13, doi:10.3390/su8101024.

<div id="Chavez--2013"></div>

Chavez, A., and A. Ramaswami, 2013: Articulating a trans-boundary infrastructure supply chain greenhouse gas emission footprint for cities: Mathematical relationships and policy relevance. ''Energy Policy'' , '''54''' , 376–384, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.037.

<div id="Chen--2019a"></div>

Chen, C. et al., 2019a: Energy consumption and carbon footprint accounting of urban and rural residents in Beijing through Consumer Lifestyle Approach. ''Ecol. Indic.'' , '''98''' , 575–586, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.049.

<div id="Chen--2016"></div>

Chen, G., T. Wiedmann, Y. Wang, and M. Hadjikakou, 2016: Transnational city carbon footprint networks – Exploring carbon links between Australian and Chinese cities. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''184''' , 1082–1092, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.053.

<div id="Chen--2018a"></div>

Chen, G., M. Hadjikakou, T. Wiedmann, and L. Shi, 2018a: Global warming impact of suburbanization: The case of Sydney. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''172''' , 287–301, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.161.

<div id="Chen--2019b"></div>

Chen, G. et al., 2019b: Review on City-Level Carbon Accounting. ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''53(10)''' , 5545–5558, doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b07071.

<div id="Chen--2020a"></div>

Chen, G. et al., 2020a: Global projections of future urban land expansion under shared socioeconomic pathways. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''11''' , 537, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14386-x.

<div id="Chen--2017"></div>

Chen, Q. et al., 2017: CO2 emission data for Chinese cities. ''Resour. Conserv. Recycl.'' , '''126''' , 198–208, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.07.011.

<div id="Chen--2018b"></div>

Chen, S., B. Xu, and B. Chen, 2018b: Unfolding the interplay between carbon flows and socioeconomic development in a city: What can network analysis offer? ''Appl. Energy'' , '''211''' , 403–412, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.064.

<div id="Chen--2020b"></div>

Chen, S. et al., 2020b: Physical and virtual carbon metabolism of global cities. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''11''' , 219–235, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13757-3.

<div id="Chen--2020c"></div>

Chen, T.L., H.W. Chiu, and Y.F. Lin, 2020c: How do East and Southeast Asian cities differ from Western cities? A systematic review of the urban form characteristics. ''Sustainability'' , '''12(6)''' , doi:10.3390/su12062423.

<div id="Cheshmehzangi--2017"></div>

Cheshmehzangi, A., and C. Butters, 2017: Chinese urban residential blocks: Towards improved environmental and living qualities. ''Urban Des. Int.'' , '''22(3)''' , 219–235, doi:10.1057/s41289-016-0013-9.

<div id="Chester--2019"></div>

Chester, M.V., 2019: Sustainability and infrastructure challenges. ''Nat. Sustain.'' , '''2(4)''' , 265–266, doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0272-8.

<div id="Chifari--2017"></div>

Chifari, R., S. Lo Piano, S. Matsumoto, and T. Tasaki, 2017: Does recyclable separation reduce the cost of municipal waste management in Japan? ''Waste Manag.'' , '''60''' , 32–41, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.015.

<div id="Chirambo--2021"></div>

Chirambo, D., 2021: Corporate Sector Policy Innovations for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Implementation in the Global South: The Case of sub-Saharan Africa. ''Hapres J. Sustain. Res.'' , '''3(2)''' , e210011, doi:10.20900/jsr20210011.

<div id="Choi--2018"></div>

Choi, K., 2018: The influence of the built environment on household vehicle travel by the urban typology in Calgary, Canada. ''Cities'' , '''75''' , 101–110, doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.01.006.

<div id="Christaller--1933"></div>

Christaller, W., 1933: ''Die zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland'' . Prentice Hall.

<div id="Chu--2016"></div>

Chu, E., 2016: The political economy of urban climate adaptation and development planning in Surat, India. ''Environ. Plan. C Gov. Policy'' , '''34(2)''' , 281–298, doi:10.1177/0263774X15614174.

<div id="Chu--2018"></div>

Chu, E., S. Hughes, and S.G. Mason, 2018: Conclusion: Multilevel Governance and Climate Change Innovations in Cities. In: ''Climate Change in Cities: Innovations in Multi-Level Governance'' [Hughes, S., E.K. Chu, and S.G. Mason, (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 361–378.

<div id="Chu--2019"></div>

Chu, E. et al., 2019: ''Unlocking the Potential for Transformative Climate Adaptation in Cities'' . World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington, DC, USA and Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 76 pp. https://gca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/UnlockingThePotentialForTransformativeAdaptationInCities.pdf (Accessed October 22, 2021).

<div id="Church--2018"></div>

Church, C., and A. Crawford, 2018: ''Green Conflict Minerals: The fuels of conflict in the transition to a low-carbon economy'' . International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Winnipeg, Canada, 49 pp. [https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/green-conflict-minerals.pdf https:// www.iisd.org/ system/files/publications/green-conflict-minerals.pdf] (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="Churkina--2008"></div>

Churkina, G., 2008: Modeling the carbon cycle of urban systems. ''Ecol. Modell.'' , '''216(2)''' , 107–113, doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.03.006.

<div id="Churkina--2012"></div>

Churkina, G., 2012: Carbonization of Urban Areas. In: ''Recarbonization of the Biosphere: Ecosystems and the Global Carbon Cycle'' [Lal, R., K. Lorenz, R.F. Hüttl, B.U. Schneider, and J. Von Braun, (eds.)]. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 369–382.

<div id="Churkina--2020"></div>

Churkina, G. et al., 2020: Buildings as a global carbon sink. ''Nat. Sustain.'' , '''3(4)''' , 269–276, doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0462-4.

<div id="Cirolia--2020"></div>

Cirolia, L.R., 2020: Fractured fiscal authority and fragmented infrastructures: Financing sustainable urban development in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''Habitat Int.'' , '''104''' , 102233, doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102233.

<div id="Cities for Climate--2015"></div>

[[#Cities%20for%20Climate--2015|Cities for Climate, 2015]] : ''Paris City Hall Declaration: A Decisive Contribution to COP21'' . Climate Summit for Local Leaders, Paris, France, [https://www.uclg.org/sites/default/files/climate_summit_final_declaration.pdf https:// www.uclg.org/ sites/default/files/climate_summit_final_declaration.pdf] (Accessed October 31, 2021).

<div id="Claude--2017"></div>

Claude, S., S. Ginestet, M. Bonhomme, N. Moulène, and G. Escadeillas, 2017: The Living Lab methodology for complex environments: Insights from the thermal refurbishment of a historical district in the city of Cahors, France. ''Energy Res. Soc. Sci.'' , '''32''' , 121–130, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.01.018.

<div id="Coalition for Urban Transitions--2019"></div>

[[#Coalition%20for%20Urban%20Transitions--2019|Coalition for Urban Transitions, 2019]] : ''Climate Emergency, Urban Opportunity'' . C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and World Resources Institute (WRI) Ross Center for Sustainable Cities, London, UK and Washington, DC, USA, 160 pp. [https://urbantransitions.global/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Climate-Emergency-Urban-Opportunity-report.pdf https://urbantransitions.global/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ Climate-Emergency-Urban-Opportunity-report.pdf] (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="Coalition for Urban Transitions--2020"></div>

[[#Coalition%20for%20Urban%20Transitions--2020|Coalition for Urban Transitions, 2020]] : ''Seizing the Urban Opportunity: Supporting National Governments to Unlock the Economic Power of Low Carbon, Resilient and Inclusive Cities'' . Coalition for Urban Transitions (CUT), Washington, DC, USA, 48 pp. https://urbantransitions.global/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Seizing_the_Urban_Opportunity_web_FINAL.pdf (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="Cole--2018"></div>

Cole, M.B., M.A. Augustin, M.J. Robertson, and J.M. Manners, 2018: The science of food security. ''npj Sci. Food'' , '''2''' , 14, doi:10.1038/s41538-018-0021-9.

<div id="Colenbrander--2015"></div>

Colenbrander, S., A. Gouldson, A.H. Sudmant, and E. Papargyropoulou, 2015: The economic case for low-carbon development in rapidly growing developing world cities: A case study of Palembang, Indonesia. ''Energy Policy'' , '''80''' , 24–35, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2015.01.020.

<div id="Colenbrander--2016"></div>

Colenbrander, S. et al., 2016: Exploring the economic case for early investment in climate change mitigation in middle-income countries: a case study of Johor Bahru, Malaysia. ''Clim. Dev.'' , '''8(4)''' , 351–364, doi:10.1080/17565529.2015.1040367.

<div id="Colenbrander--2017"></div>

Colenbrander, S. et al., 2017: Can low-carbon urban development be pro-poor? The case of Kolkata, India. ''Environ. Urban.'' , '''29''' '''(1)''' , 139–158, doi:10.1177/0956247816677775.

<div id="Colenbrander--2018a"></div>

Colenbrander, S., D. Dodman, and D. Mitlin, 2018a: Using climate finance to advance climate justice: the politics and practice of channelling resources to the local level. ''Clim. Policy'' , '''18(7)''' , 902–915, doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1388212.

<div id="Colenbrander--2018b"></div>

Colenbrander, S., M. Lindfield, J. Lufkin, and N. Quijano, 2018b: ''Financing Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient Cities'' . Coalition for Urban Transitions (CUT), London, UK and Washington, DC, USA, 44 pp. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323560614_Financing_Low-Carbon_Climate-Resilient_Cities (Accessed May 20, 2019).

<div id="Colenbrander--2019"></div>

Colenbrander, S., A. Sudmant, N. Chilundika, and A. Gouldson, 2019: The scope for low‐carbon development in Kigali, Rwanda: An economic appraisal. ''Sustain. Dev.'' , '''27(3)''' , 349–365, doi:10.1002/sd.1906.

<div id="Collaço--2019"></div>

Collaço, F.M. de A. et al., 2019: The dawn of urban energy planning – Synergies between energy and urban planning for São Paulo (Brazil) megacity. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''215''' , 458–479, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.013.

<div id="Conke--2018"></div>

Conke, L.S., 2018: Barriers to waste recycling development: Evidence from Brazil. ''Resour. Conserv. Recycl.'' , '''134''' , 129–135, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.03.007.

<div id="Corbett--2017"></div>

Corbett, J., and S. Mellouli, 2017: Winning the SDG battle in cities: how an integrated information ecosystem can contribute to the achievement of the 2030 sustainable development goals. ''Inf. Syst. J.'' , '''27(4)''' , 427–461, doi:10.1111/isj.12138.

<div id="Corfee-Morlot--2009"></div>

Corfee-Morlot, J. et al., 2009: ''Cities, Climate Change and Multilevel Governance'' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France, 123 pp. https://www.oecd.org/env/cc/44242293.pdf (Accessed March 20, 2021).

<div id="Corsini--2019"></div>

Corsini, F., C. Certomà, M. Dyer, and M. Frey, 2019: Participatory energy: Research, imaginaries and practices on people’ contribute to energy systems in the smart city. ''Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change'' , '''142''' , 322–332, doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.028.

<div id="CPI and World Bank--2021"></div>

[[#CPI%20and%20World%20Bank--2021|CPI and World Bank, 2021]] : ''The State of Cities Climate Finance Executive Summary'' . Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) and The World Bank, San Francisco, CA, USA, 16 pp.

<div id="Creutzig--2016"></div>

Creutzig, F., 2016: Evolving Narratives of Low-Carbon Futures in Transportation. ''Transp. Rev.'' , '''36(3)''' , 341–360, doi:10.1080/01441647.2015.1079277.

<div id="Creutzig--2015"></div>

Creutzig, F., G. Baiocchi, R. Bierkandt, P.-P. Pichler, and K.C. Seto, 2015: Global typology of urban energy use and potentials for an urbanization mitigation wedge. ''PNAS'' , '''112(20)''' , 6283–6288, doi:10.1073/pnas.1315545112.

<div id="Creutzig--2016a"></div>

Creutzig, F. et al., 2016a: Urban infrastructure choices structure climate solutions. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''6(12)''' , 1054–1056, doi:10.1038/nclimate3169.

<div id="Creutzig--2016b"></div>

Creutzig, F. et al., 2016b: Beyond Technology: Demand-Side Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation. ''Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.'' , '''41''' , 173–198, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085428.

<div id="Creutzig--2019"></div>

Creutzig, F. et al., 2019: Upscaling urban data science for global climate solutions. ''Glob. Sustain.'' , '''2''' , e2, doi:10.1017/sus.2018.16.

<div id="Creutzig--2020"></div>

Creutzig, F., X. Bai, R. Khosla, V. Viguie, and Y. Yamagata, 2020: Systematizing and upscaling urban climate change mitigation. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''15(10)''' , 100202, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abb0b2.

<div id="Culwick--2019"></div>

Culwick, C. et al., 2019: CityLab reflections and evolutions: nurturing knowledge and learning for urban sustainability through co-production experimentation. ''Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.'' , '''39''' , 9–16, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2019.05.008.

<div id="D’Adamo--2021"></div>

D’Adamo, I., P.M. Falcone, D. Huisingh, and P. Morone, 2021: A circular economy model based on biomethane: What are the opportunities for the municipality of Rome and beyond? ''Renew. Energy'' , '''163''' , 1660–1672, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.072.

<div id="d’Amour--2017"></div>

d’Amour, C.B. et al., 2017: Future urban land expansion and implications for global croplands. ''Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.'' , '''114''' '''(34)''' , 8939–8944, doi:10.1073/PNAS.1606036114.

<div id="Dagnachew--2018"></div>

Dagnachew, A.G., P.L. Lucas, A.F. Hof, and D.P. van Vuuren, 2018: Trade-offs and synergies between universal electricity access and climate change mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''Energy Policy'' , '''114''' , 355–366, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.023.

<div id="Dalziel--2018"></div>

Dalziel, B.D. et al., 2018: Urbanization and humidity shape the intensity of influenza epidemics in U.S. cities. ''Science'' , '''362(6410)''' , 75–79, doi:10.1126/science.aat6030.

<div id="Data-Driven EnviroLab and NewClimate Institute--2020"></div>

Data-Driven EnviroLab and NewClimate Institute, 2020: ''Accelerating Net Zero: Exploring Cities, Regions, and Companies’ Pledges to Decarbonise'' . [Hsu, A. et al., (eds.)]. New Climate Institute, Singapore, 24 pp. http://datadrivenlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Accelerating_Net_Zero_Report_Sept2020.pdf (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="Data Driven Yale--2018"></div>

Data Driven Yale, NewClimate Institute, and PBL, 2018: ''Global climate action of regions, states and businesses'' . [Hsu, A. et al., (eds.)]. Data Driven Yale, NewClimate Institute, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 107 pp. http://bit.ly/yale-nci-pbl-global-climate-action (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="Dávila--2012"></div>

Dávila, J.D., and D. Daste, 2012: ''Medellín’s aerial cable-cars: social inclusion and reduced emissions'' . Development Planning Unit, University College London (UCL), London, UK, 4 pp. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/development/sites/bartlett/files/davila-daste-2012-unep.pdf https:// www.ucl.ac.uk/ bartlett/development/sites/bartlett/files/davila-daste-2012-unep.pdf] (Accessed October 31, 2021).

<div id="Davis--2017"></div>

Davis, K.J. et al., 2017: The Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX): A test-bed for developing urban greenhouse gas emission measurements. ''Elem Sci Anth'' , '''5''' , 21, doi:10.1525/elementa.188.

<div id="Davis--2017"></div>

Davis, M. and S. Naumann, 2017: Making the Case for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems as a Nature-Based Solution to Urban Flooding. In: ''Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkages between Science, Policy and Practice'' [Kabisch, N., H. Korn, J. Stadler, and A. Bonn, (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 123–137.

<div id="Davis--2018"></div>

Davis, S.J. et al., 2018: Net-zero emissions energy systems. ''Science'' , '''360(6396)''' , eaas9793, doi:10.1126/science.aas9793.

<div id="Dawson--2018"></div>

Dawson, R.J. et al., 2018: A systems framework for national assessment of climate risks to infrastructure. ''Philos. Trans. A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.'' , '''376(2121)''' , 20170298, doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0298.

<div id="de Bercegol--2019"></div>

de Bercegol, R. and S. Gowda, 2019: A new waste and energy nexus? Rethinking the modernisation of waste services in Delhi. ''Urban Stud.'' , '''56(11)''' , 2297–2314, doi:10.1177/0042098018770592.

<div id="De Chalendar--2019"></div>

De Chalendar, J.A., P.W. Glynn, and S.M. Benson, 2019: City-scale decarbonization experiments with integrated energy systems. ''Energy Environ. Sci.'' , '''12(5)''' , 1695–1707, doi:10.1039/c8ee03706j.

<div id="de Haas--2020"></div>

de Haas, M., R. Faber, and M. Hamersma, 2020: How COVID-19 and the Dutch ‘intelligent lockdown’ change activities, work and travel behaviour: Evidence from longitudinal data in the Netherlands. ''Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect.'' , '''6''' , 100150, doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100150.

<div id="De la Sota--2019"></div>

De la Sota, C., V.J. Ruffato-Ferreira, L. Ruiz-García, and S. Alvarez, 2019: Urban green infrastructure as a strategy of climate change mitigation. A case study in northern Spain. ''Urban For. Urban Green.'' , '''40''' , 145–151, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2018.09.004.

<div id="Deason--2019"></div>

Deason, J., and M. Borgeson, 2019: Electrification of Buildings: Potential, Challenges, and Outlook. ''Curr. Sustain. Energy Reports'' , '''6(4)''' , 131–139, doi:10.1007/s40518-019-00143-2.

<div id="Debrunner--2020"></div>

Debrunner, G., and T. Hartmann, 2020: Strategic use of land policy instruments for affordable housing – Coping with social challenges under scarce land conditions in Swiss cities. ''Land use policy'' , '''99''' , 104993, doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104993.

<div id="Dénarié--2018"></div>

Dénarié, A., M. Calderoni, and M. Aprile, 2018: Multicriteria Approach for a Multisource District Heating. In: ''Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions'' [Bisello, A., D. Vettorato, P. Laconte, and S. Costa, (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 21–33.

<div id="Deng--2018"></div>

Deng, Y., B. Fu, and C. Sun, 2018: Effects of urban planning in guiding urban growth: Evidence from Shenzhen, China. ''Cities'' , '''83''' , 118–128, doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.06.014.

<div id="Dhar--2017"></div>

Dhar, S., M. Pathak, and P.R. Shukla, 2017: Electric vehicles and India’s low carbon passenger transport: a long-term co-benefits assessment. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''146''' , 139–148, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.111.

<div id="Di Giulio--2018"></div>

Di Giulio, G.M., A.M.B. Bedran-Martins, M. da P. Vasconcellos, W.C. Ribeiro, and M.C. Lemos, 2018: Mainstreaming climate adaptation in the megacity of São Paulo, Brazil. ''Cities'' , '''72''' , 237–244, doi:10.1016/j.cities.2017.09.001.

<div id="Di Giulio--2009"></div>

Di Giulio, M., R. Holderegger, and S. Tobias, 2009: Effects of habitat and landscape fragmentation on humans and biodiversity in densely populated landscapes. ''J. Environ. Manage.'' , '''90(10)''' , 2959–2968, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.05.002.

<div id="Diallo--2016"></div>

Diallo, T., N. Cantoreggi, and J. Simos, 2016: Health Co-benefits of climate change mitigation policies at local level: Case Study Geneva. ''Environnement, Risques et Sante'' , '''15(4)''' , 332–340, doi:10.1684/ers.2016.0890.

<div id="Dias--2016"></div>

Dias, S.M., 2016: Waste pickers and cities. ''Environ. Urban.'' , '''28(2)''' , 375–390, doi:10.1177/0956247816657302.

<div id="Díaz-Villavicencio--2017"></div>

Díaz-Villavicencio, G., S.R. Didonet, and A. Dodd, 2017: Influencing factors of eco-efficient urban waste management: Evidence from Spanish municipalities. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''164''' , 1486–1496, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.064.

<div id="Diaz--2017"></div>

Diaz, L.F., 2017: Waste management in developing countries and the circular economy. ''Waste Manag. Res.'' , '''35(1)''' , 1–2, doi:10.1177/0734242X16681406.

<div id="Dienst--2015"></div>

Dienst, C. et al., 2015: Wuxi – a Chinese City on its Way to a Low Carbon Future. ''J. Sustain. Dev. Energy, Water Environ. Syst.'' , '''3(1)''' , 12–25, doi:10.13044/j.sdewes.2015.03.0002.

<div id="Ding--2017"></div>

Ding, C., D. Wang, C. Liu, Y. Zhang, and J. Yang, 2017: Exploring the influence of built environment on travel mode choice considering the mediating effects of car ownership and travel distance. ''Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract.'' , '''100''' , 65–80, doi:10.1016/j.tra.2017.04.008.

<div id="Ding--2018"></div>

Ding, C., Y. Wang, T. Tang, S. Mishra, and C. Liu, 2018: Joint analysis of the spatial impacts of built environment on car ownership and travel mode choice. ''Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ.'' , '''60''' , 28–40, doi:10.1016/j.trd.2016.08.004.

<div id="Dobler--2018"></div>

Dobler, C., D. Pfeifer, and W. Streicher, 2018: Reaching energy autonomy in a medium-sized city - three scenarios to model possible future energy developments in the residential building sector. ''Sustain. Dev.'' , '''26(6)''' , 859–869, doi:10.1002/sd.1855.

<div id="Dodman--2009"></div>

Dodman, D., 2009: Blaming cities for climate change? An analysis of urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories. ''Environ. Urban.'' , '''21(1)''' , 185–201, doi:10.1177/0956247809103016.

<div id="Dodman--2022"></div>

Dodman, D., B. Hayward, M. Pelling, V. Castan Broto, W. Chow, E. Chu, R. Dawson, L. Khirfan, T. McPhearson, A. Prakash, Y. Zheng, and G. Ziervogel, 2022: Cities, Settlements and Key Infrastructure. In: ''Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. In press.

<div id="Dominković--2019"></div>

Dominković, D.F. and G. Krajačić, 2019: District cooling versus individual cooling in urban energy systems: The impact of district energy share in cities on the optimal storage sizing. ''Energies'' , '''12(3)''' , 407, doi:10.3390/en12030407.

<div id="Domke--2016"></div>

Domke, G.M. et al., 2016: Estimating litter carbon stocks on forest land in the United States. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''557''' – '''558''' , 469–478, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.090.

<div id="Dorotić--2019"></div>

Dorotić, H., T. Pukšec, and N. Duić, 2019: Multi-objective optimization of district heating and cooling systems for a one-year time horizon. ''Energy'' , '''169''' , 319–328, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.149.

<div id="Dou--2016"></div>

Dou, Y. et al., 2016: An empirical study on transit-oriented low-carbon urban land use planning: Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) on Shanghai, China. ''Habitat Int.'' , '''53''' , 379–389, doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.12.005.

<div id="Drangert--2017"></div>

Drangert, J.-O., and H.C. Sharatchandra, 2017: Addressing urban water scarcity: reduce, treat and reuse – the third generation of management to avoid local resources boundaries. ''Water Policy'' , '''19(5)''' , 978–996, doi:10.2166/wp.2017.152.

<div id="Drysdale--2019"></div>

Drysdale, D., B.V. Mathiesen, and H. Lund, 2019: From carbon calculators to energy system analysis in cities. ''Energies'' , '''12(12)''' , 2307, doi:10.3390/en12122307.

<div id="du Toit--2018"></div>

du Toit, M.J. et al., 2018: Urban green infrastructure and ecosystem services in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Landsc. Urban Plan.'' , '''180''' , 249–261, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.06.001.

<div id="Duany--1991"></div>

Duany, A., and E. Plater-Zyberck, 1991: ''Towns and town-making principles'' . 1st ed. Harvard Graduate School of Design and Rizzoli, Cambridge, MA and New York, NY, USA, 120 pp.

<div id="Dulal--2017"></div>

Dulal, H.B., 2017: Making cities resilient to climate change: identifying “win–win” interventions. ''Local Environ.'' , '''22(1)''' , 106–125, doi:10.1080/13549839.2016.1168790.

<div id="Dulal--2019"></div>

Dulal, H.B., 2019: Cities in Asia: how are they adapting to climate change? ''J. Environ. Stud. Sci.'' , '''9''' , 13–24, doi:10.1007/s13412-018-0534-1.

<div id="Duranton--2018"></div>

Duranton, G., and M.A. Turner, 2018: Urban form and driving: Evidence from US cities. ''J. Urban Econ.'' , '''108''' , 170–191, doi:10.1016/j.jue.2018.10.003.

<div id="Dzhambov--2014"></div>

Dzhambov, A.M., D.D. Dimitrova, and E.D. Dimitrakova, 2014: Association between residential greenness and birth weight: Systematic review and meta-analysis. ''Urban For. Urban Green.'' , '''13(4)''' , 621–629, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2014.09.004.

<div id="EC--2015"></div>

[[#EC--2015|EC, 2015]] : ''Closing the loop - An EU action plan for the Circular Economy (Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee of the Regions)'' . COM (2015) 0614 Final, European Commission (EC), Brussels, Belgium, 21 pp. [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:8a8ef5e8-99a0-11e5-b3b7-01aa75ed71a1.0012.02/DOC_1&format=PDF https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar] :8a8ef5e8-99a0-11e5-b3b7-01aa75ed71a1.0012.02/DOC_1&amp;format=PDF (Accessed October 28, 2021).

<div id="EC--2020"></div>

[[#EC--2020|EC, 2020]] : ''A new Circular Economy Action Plan For a cleaner and more competitive Europe'' . European Commission (EC), Brussels, Belgium, 26 pp. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2779/05068 (Accessed November 8, 2021).

<div id="Egusquiza--2018"></div>

Egusquiza, A., I. Prieto, J.L. Izkara, and R. Béjar, 2018: Multi-scale urban data models for early-stage suitability assessment of energy conservation measures in historic urban areas. ''Energy Build.'' , '''164''' , 87–98, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.061.

<div id="Eigenbrod--2015"></div>

Eigenbrod, C. and N. Gruda, 2015: Urban vegetable for food security in cities. A review. ''Agron. Sustain. Dev.'' , '''35''' , 483–498, doi:10.1007/s13593-014-0273-y.

<div id="Eisted--2009"></div>

Eisted, R., A.W. Larsen, and T.H. Christensen, 2009: Collection, transfer and transport of waste: accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contribution: ''Waste Manag. Res.'' , '''27(8)''' , 738–745, doi:10.1177/0734242X09347796.

<div id="Endo--2017"></div>

Endo, A., I. Tsurita, K. Burnett, and P.M. Orencio, 2017: A review of the current state of research on the water, energy, and food nexus. ''J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud.'' , '''11''' , 20–30, doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.11.010.

<div id="Engels--2018"></div>

Engels, A., 2018: Understanding how China is championing climate change mitigation. ''Palgrave Commun.'' , '''4''' , 101, doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0150-4.

<div id="Engström--2017"></div>

Engström, R.E. et al., 2017: Connecting the resource nexus to basic urban service provision – with a focus on water-energy interactions in New York City. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''31''' , 83–94, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.007.

<div id="Enzi--2017"></div>

Enzi, V. et al., 2017: Nature-Based Solutions and Buildings – The Power of Surfaces to Help Cities Adapt to Climate Change and to Deliver Biodiversity. In: ''Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkages between Science, Policy and Practice'' [Kabisch, N., H. Korn, J. Stadler, and A. Bonn, (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 159–183.

<div id="Erickson--2015"></div>

Erickson, P. and K. Tempest, 2015: ''Keeping cities green: Avoiding carbon lock-in due to urban development'' . Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Seattle, WA, USA, 28 pp. https://mediamanager.sei.org/documents/Publications/Climate/SEI-WP-2015-11-C40-Cities-carbon-lock-in.pdf (Accessed June 5, 2020).

<div id="Eriksson--2015"></div>

Eriksson, M., I. Strid, and P.-A. Hansson, 2015: Carbon footprint of food waste management options in the waste hierarchy – a Swedish case study. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''93''' , 115–125, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.026.

<div id="EU--2016"></div>

[[#EU--2016|EU, 2016]] : ''Urban Agenda for the EU ‘Pact of Amsterdam’'' . Informal Meeting of EU Ministers Responsible for Urban Matters, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 36 pp. https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/policy/themes/urban-development/agenda/pact-of-amsterdam.pdf (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="Ewing--2010"></div>

Ewing, R., and R. Cervero, 2010: Travel and the Built Environment. ''J. Am. Plan. Assoc.'' , '''76(3)''' , 265–294, doi:10.1080/01944361003766766.

<div id="Ewing--2018"></div>

Ewing, R. et al., 2018: Testing Newman and Kenworthy’s Theory of Density and Automobile Dependence. ''J. Plan. Educ. Res.'' , '''38(2)''' , 167–182, doi:10.1177/0739456X16688767.

<div id="Ezeudu--2019"></div>

Ezeudu, O.B., and T.S. Ezeudu, 2019: Implementation of Circular Economy Principles in Industrial Solid Waste Management: Case Studies from a Developing Economy (Nigeria). ''Recycling'' , '''4(4)''' , 42, doi:10.3390/RECYCLING4040042.

<div id="Facchini--2017"></div>

Facchini, A., C. Kennedy, I. Stewart, and R. Mele, 2017: The energy metabolism of megacities. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''186(Part 2)''' , 86–95, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.025.

<div id="Fang--2017"></div>

Fang, K. et al., 2017: Carbon footprints of urban transition: Tracking circular economy promotions in Guiyang, China. ''Ecol. Modell.'' , '''365''' , 30–44, doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.09.024.

<div id="Fastenrath--2018"></div>

Fastenrath, S. and B. Braun, 2018: Ambivalent urban sustainability transitions: Insights from Brisbane’s building sector. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''176''' , 581–589, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.134.

<div id="Fatimah--2020"></div>

Fatimah, Y.A., K. Govindan, R. Murniningsih, and A. Setiawan, 2020: Industry 4.0 based sustainable circular economy approach for smart waste management system to achieve sustainable development goals: A case study of Indonesia. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''269''' , 122263, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.122263.

<div id="Félix--2020"></div>

Félix, R., P. Cambra, and F. Moura, 2020: Build it and give ‘em bikes, and they will come: The effects of cycling infrastructure and bike-sharing system in Lisbon. ''Case Stud. Transp. Policy'' , '''8(2)''' , 672–682, doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2020.03.002.

<div id="Fichera--2018"></div>

Fichera, A., M. Frasca, V. Palermo, and R. Volpe, 2018: An optimization tool for the assessment of urban energy scenarios. ''Energy'' , '''156''' , 418–429, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.114.

<div id="Fiori--2020"></div>

Fiori, A., and E. Volpi, 2020: On the Effectiveness of LID Infrastructures for the Attenuation of Urban Flooding at the Catchment Scale. ''Water Resour. Res.'' , '''56(5)''' , e2020WR027121, doi:10.1029/2020WR027121.

<div id="Fisher-Jeffes--2017"></div>

Fisher-Jeffes, L., N. Armitage, and K. Carden, 2017: The viability of domestic rainwater harvesting in the residential areas of the Liesbeek River Catchment, Cape Town. ''Water SA'' , '''43(1)''' , 81–90, doi:10.4314/wsa.v43i1.11.

<div id="Flacke--2017"></div>

Flacke, J., and C. de Boer, 2017: An Interactive Planning Support Tool for Addressing Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy Projects in The Netherlands. ''ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information'' , '''6(10)''' , 313, doi:10.3390/ijgi6100313.

<div id="Floater--2017"></div>

Floater, G. et al., 2017: ''Global Review of Finance For Sustainable Urban Infrastructure'' . The Coalition for Urban Transitions (CUT), 60 pp. http://newclimateeconomy.report/workingpapers/workingpaper/global-review-of-finance-for-sustainable-urban-infrastructure/ (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="Folke--2021"></div>

Folke, C. et al., 2021: Our future in the Anthropocene biosphere. ''Ambio'' , '''50(4)''' , 834–869, doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01544-8.

<div id="Fong--2014"></div>

Fong, W.K. et al., 2014: ''Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories: An Accounting and Reporting Standard for Cities'' . World Resources Institute (WRI), Winnipeg, Canada, C40 Cities, and Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), Bonn, Germany, 176 pp. https://www.ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/standards/GHGP_GPC_0.pdf (Accessed November 2, 2021).

<div id="Fonseca--2015"></div>

Fonseca, J.A., and A. Schlueter, 2015: Integrated model for characterization of spatiotemporal building energy consumption patterns in neighborhoods and city districts. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''142''' , 247–265, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.068.

<div id="Ford--2019"></div>

Ford, A. et al., 2019: A multi-scale urban integrated assessment framework for climate change studies: A flooding application. ''Comput. Environ. Urban Syst.'' , '''75''' , 229–243, doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.02.005.

<div id="Foxon--2015"></div>

Foxon, T.J. et al., 2015: Low carbon infrastructure investment: extending business models for sustainability. ''Infrastruct. Complex.'' , '''2''' , 4, doi:10.1186/s40551-015-0009-4.

<div id="Fragkias--2013"></div>

Fragkias, M., J. Lobo, D. Strumsky, and K.C. Seto, 2013: Does Size Matter? Scaling of CO 2 Emissions and U.S. Urban Areas. ''PLoS One'' , '''8''' '''(6)''' , e64727, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064727.

<div id="Frantzeskaki--2019"></div>

Frantzeskaki, N. et al., 2019: Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making. ''Bioscience'' , '''69(6)''' , 455–466, doi:10.1093/biosci/biz042.

<div id="Fratini--2019"></div>

Fratini, C.F., S. Georg, and M.S. Jørgensen, 2019: Exploring circular economy imaginaries in European cities: A research agenda for the governance of urban sustainability transitions. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''228''' , 974–989, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.193.

<div id="Fraundorfer--2017"></div>

Fraundorfer, M., 2017: The Role of Cities in Shaping Transnational Law in Climate Governance. ''Glob. Policy'' , '''8(1)''' , 23–31, doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12365.

<div id="Frenova--2021"></div>

Frenova, S., 2021: Orchestrating the Participation of Women Organisations in the UNFCCC Led Climate Finance Decision Making. ''Climate'' , '''9(9)''' , 135, doi:10.3390/cli9090135.

<div id="Fricko--2017"></div>

Fricko, O. et al., 2017: The marker quantification of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2: A middle-of-the-road scenario for the 21st century. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''42''' , 251–267, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.004.

<div id="Friend--2016"></div>

Friend, R.M. et al., 2016: Re-imagining Inclusive Urban Futures for Transformation. ''Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.'' , '''20''' , 67–72, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2016.06.001.

<div id="Fuhr--2018"></div>

Fuhr, H., T. Hickmann, and K. Kern, 2018: The role of cities in multi-level climate governance: local climate policies and the 1.5°C target. ''Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.'' , '''30''' , 1–6, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2017.10.006.

<div id="Fujimori--2017"></div>

Fujimori, S. et al., 2017: SSP3: AIM implementation of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''42''' , 268–283, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.009.

<div id="Fuso Nerini--2018"></div>

Fuso Nerini, F. et al., 2018: Mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the Sustainable Development Goals. ''Nat. Energy'' , '''3''' , 10–15, doi:10.1038/s41560-017-0036-5.

<div id="Gabaix--1999"></div>

Gabaix, X., 1999: Zipf’s Law for Cities: An Explanation. ''Q. J. Econ.'' , '''114(3)''' , 739–767, doi:10.1162/003355399556133.

<div id="Gabaldón-Estevan--2019"></div>

Gabaldón-Estevan, D., K. Orru, C. Kaufmann, and H. Orru, 2019: Broader impacts of the fare-free public transportation system in Tallinn. ''Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev.'' , '''11(3)''' , 332–345, doi:10.1080/19463138.2019.1596114.

<div id="Gai--2020"></div>

Gai, Y. et al., 2020: Health and climate benefits of Electric Vehicle Deployment in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area. ''Environ. Pollut.'' , '''265''' , 114983, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114983.

<div id="Galloway--2014"></div>

Galloway, D., and P. Newman, 2014: How to design a sustainable heavy industrial estate. ''Renew. Energy'' , '''67''' , 46–52, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.018.

<div id="Gang--2016"></div>

Gang, W., S. Wang, F. Xiao, and D.C. Gao, 2016: District cooling systems: Technology integration, system optimization, challenges and opportunities for applications. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''53''' , 253–264, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.051.

<div id="Gao--2020"></div>

Gao, J., and B.C. O’Neill, 2020: Mapping global urban land for the 21st century with data-driven simulations and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''11''' , 2302, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15788-7.

<div id="Gao--2017"></div>

Gao, J. et al., 2017: Perceptions of Health Co-Benefits in Relation to Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions: A Survey among Urban Residents in Three Chinese Cities. ''Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health'' , '''14(3)''' , 298, doi:10.3390/ijerph14030298.

<div id="Gao--2018"></div>

Gao, Y., and P. Newman, 2018: Beijing’s peak car transition: Hope for emerging cities in the 1.5°C agenda. ''Urban Plan.'' , '''3(2)''' , 82–93, doi:10.17645/up.v3i2.1246.

<div id="García-Gusano--2018"></div>

García-Gusano, D., D. Iribarren, and J. Dufour, 2018: Towards Energy Self-sufficiency in Large Metropolitan Areas: Business Opportunities on Renewable Electricity in Madrid. In: ''Renewable Energies'' [Márquez, F.P.G., A. Karyotakis, and M. Papaelias, (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 17–31.

<div id="Gately--2017"></div>

Gately, C.K., L.R. Hutyra, S. Peterson, and I. Sue Wing, 2017: Urban emissions hotspots: Quantifying vehicle congestion and air pollution using mobile phone GPS data. ''Environ. Pollut.'' , '''229''' , 496–504, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.091.

<div id="Gaustad--2018"></div>

Gaustad, G., M. Krystofik, M. Bustamante, and K. Badami, 2018: Circular economy strategies for mitigating critical material supply issues. ''Resour. Conserv. Recycl.'' , '''135''' , 24–33, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.002.

<div id="GCoM--2018"></div>

[[#GCoM--2018|GCoM, 2018]] : ''Implementing Climate Ambition: Global Covenant of Mayors 2018 Global Aggregation Report'' . The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (GCoM), Brussels, 6 pp. [https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2018_GCOM_report_web.pdf https:// www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/ wp-content/uploads/ 2018/09/2018_GCOM_ report_web.pdf] .

<div id="GCoM--2019"></div>

[[#GCoM--2019|GCoM, 2019]] : ''Climate Emergency: Unlocking the Urban Opportunity Together'' . The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (GCoM), Brussels, 37 pp. [https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019-GCoM-Aggregation-Report.pdf https:// www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/ wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019-GCoM-Aggregat ion-Report.pdf] .

<div id="Gebreegziabher--2014"></div>

Gebreegziabher, Z., L. Naik, R. Melamu, and B.B. Balana, 2014: Prospects and challenges for urban application of biogas installations in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''Biomass and Bioenergy'' , '''70''' , 130–140, doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.02.036.

<div id="Geneletti--2017"></div>

Geneletti, D., D. La Rosa, M. Spyra, and C. Cortinovis, 2017: A review of approaches and challenges for sustainable planning in urban peripheries. ''Landsc. Urban Plan.'' , '''165''' , 231–243, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.01.013.

<div id="Gharfalkar--2015"></div>

Gharfalkar, M., R. Court, C. Campbell, Z. Ali, and G. Hillier, 2015: Analysis of waste hierarchy in the European waste directive 2008/98/EC. ''Waste Manag.'' , '''39''' , 305–313, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.007.

<div id="Gidden--2019"></div>

Gidden, M.J. et al., 2019: Global emissions pathways under different socioeconomic scenarios for use in CMIP6: A dataset of harmonized emissions trajectories through the end of the century. ''Geosci. Model Dev.'' , '''12(4)''' , 1443–1475, doi:10.5194/gmd-12-1443-2019.

<div id="Gill--2018"></div>

Gill, B., and S. Moeller, 2018: GHG Emissions and the Rural-Urban Divide. A Carbon Footprint Analysis Based on the German Official Income and Expenditure Survey. ''Ecol. Econ.'' , '''145''' , 160–169, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.09.004.

<div id="Gillingham--2020"></div>

Gillingham, K.T., C.R. Knittel, J. Li, M. Ovaere, and M. Reguant, 2020: The Short-run and Long-run Effects of Covid-19 on Energy and the Environment. ''Joule'' , '''4(7)''' , 1337–1341, doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.06.010.

<div id="Gjorgievski--2020"></div>

Gjorgievski, V.Z., N. Markovska, A. Abazi, and N. Duić, 2020: The potential of power-to-heat demand response to improve the flexibility of the energy system: An empirical review. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''138''' , 110489, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110489.

<div id="Global Commission on the Economy and Climate--2014"></div>

[[#Global%20Commission%20on%20the%20Economy%20and%20Climate--2014|Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, 2014]] : ''Better Growth, Better Climate: The New Climate Economy Report - Synthesis Report'' . The New Climate Economy (NCE), Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, Washington, DC, USA, 72 pp. [https://newclimateeconomy.report/2016/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/08/BetterGrowth-BetterClimate_NCE_Synthesis-Report_web.pdf https://newclimateeconomy.report/2016/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/08/BetterGrowth-BetterClimate_NCE_Synthesis- Report_web.pdf] .

<div id="Gondhalekar--2017"></div>

Gondhalekar, D., and T. Ramsauer, 2017: Nexus City: Operationalizing the urban Water-Energy-Food Nexus for climate change adaptation in Munich, Germany. ''Urban Clim.'' , '''19''' , 28–40, doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2016.11.004.

<div id="González-García--2021"></div>

González-García, S., M.R. Caamaño, M.T. Moreira, and G. Feijoo, 2021: Environmental profile of the municipality of Madrid through the methodologies of Urban Metabolism and Life Cycle Analysis. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''64''' , 102546, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102546.

<div id="Gonzalez-Valencia--2016"></div>

Gonzalez-Valencia, R., F. Magana-Rodriguez, J. Cristóbal, and F. Thalasso, 2016: Hotspot detection and spatial distribution of methane emissions from landfills by a surface probe method. ''Waste Manag.'' , '''55''' , 299–305, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.004.

<div id="Gopal--2014"></div>

Gopal, D., and H. Nagendra, 2014: Vegetation in Bangalore’s slums: Boosting livelihoods, well-being and social capital. ''Sustainability'' , '''6(5)''' , 2459–2473, doi:10.3390/su6052459.

<div id="Göpfert--2019"></div>

Göpfert, C., C. Wamsler, and W. Lang, 2019: A framework for the joint institutionalization of climate change mitigation and adaptation in city administrations. ''Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change'' , '''24''' , 1–21, doi:10.1007/s11027-018-9789-9.

<div id="Göpfert--2020"></div>

Göpfert, C., C. Wamsler, and W. Lang, 2020: Enhancing structures for joint climate change mitigation and adaptation action in city administrations – Empirical insights and practical implications. ''City Environ. Interact.'' , '''8''' , 100052, doi:10.1016/j.cacint.2020.100052.

<div id="Gorissen--2018"></div>

Gorissen, L., F. Spira, E. Meynaerts, P. Valkering, and N. Frantzeskaki, 2018: Moving towards systemic change? Investigating acceleration dynamics of urban sustainability transitions in the Belgian City of Genk. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''173''' , 171–185, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.052.

<div id="Gould--2018"></div>

Gould, C.F. et al., 2018: Government policy, clean fuel access, and persistent fuel stacking in Ecuador. ''Scaling Up Clean Fuel Cook. Programs'' , '''46''' , 111–122, doi:10.1016/j.esd.2018.05.009.

<div id="Gouldson--2015"></div>

Gouldson, A. et al., 2015: Exploring the economic case for climate action in cities. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''35''' , 93–105, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.009.

<div id="Gouldson--2016"></div>

Gouldson, A. et al., 2016: Cities and climate change mitigation: Economic opportunities and governance challenges in Asia. ''Cities'' , '''54''' , 11–19, doi:10.1016/j.cities.2015.10.010.

<div id="Grafakos--2019"></div>

Grafakos, S., K. Trigg, M. Landauer, L. Chelleri, and S. Dhakal, 2019: Analytical framework to evaluate the level of integration of climate adaptation and mitigation in cities. ''Clim. Change'' , '''154(''' '''1–2''' ''')''' , 87–106, doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02394-w.

<div id="Grafakos--2020"></div>

Grafakos, S. et al., 2020: Integration of mitigation and adaptation in urban climate change action plans in Europe: A systematic assessment. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''121''' , 109623, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109623.

<div id="Graglia--2018"></div>

Graglia, J.M., and C. Mellon, 2018: Blockchain and Property in 2018: At the End of the Beginning. ''Innov. Technol. Governance, Glob.'' , '''12(''' '''1–2''' ''')''' , 90–116, doi:10.1162/inov_a_00270.

<div id="Grandin--2018"></div>

Grandin, J., H. Haarstad, K. Kjærås, and S. Bouzarovski, 2018: The politics of rapid urban transformation. ''Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.'' , '''31''' , 16–22, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2017.12.002.

<div id="Granoff--2016"></div>

Granoff, I., J.R. Hogarth, and A. Miller, 2016: Nested barriers to low-carbon infrastructure investment. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''6(12)''' , 1065–1071, doi:10.1038/nclimate3142.

<div id="Green--2017"></div>

Green, J., and P. [[#Newman--2017|Newman, 2017]] : Citizen utilities: The emerging power paradigm. ''Energy Policy'' , '''105''' , 283–293, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.02.004.

<div id="Green--2020"></div>

Green, J., P. Newman, and N. Forse, 2020: ''RENeW Nexus: Enabling resilient, low cost &amp; localised electricity markets through blockchain P2P &amp; VPP trading'' . Power Ledger and Curtin University, Perth, Australia, 62 pp. [https://www.powerledger.io/wp-content/uploads/renew-nexus-project-report.pdf https:// www.powerledger.io/ wp-content/uploads/renew-nexus-proj ect- report.pdf] .

<div id="Green--2017"></div>

Green, J.F., 2017: The strength of weakness: pseudo-clubs in the climate regime. ''Clim. Change'' , '''144''' , 41–52, doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1481-4.

<div id="Gregg--2003"></div>

Gregg, J.W., C.G. Jones, and T.E. Dawson, 2003: Urbanization effects on tree growth in the vicinity of New York City. ''Nature'' , '''424''' , 183–187, doi:10.1038/nature01728.

<div id="Grimm--2000"></div>

Grimm, N.B., J.M. Grove, S.T.A. Pickett, and C.L. Redman, 2000: Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems. ''Bioscience'' , '''50(7)''' , 571–584, doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0571:IATLTO]2.0.CO;2.

<div id="Grimm--2008"></div>

Grimm, N.B. et al., 2008: Global Change and the Ecology of Cities. ''Science'' , '''319(5864)''' , 756–760, doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.1150195.

<div id="Große--2016"></div>

Große, J., C. Fertner, and N.B. Groth, 2016: Urban Structure, Energy and Planning: Findings from Three Cities in Sweden, Finland and Estonia. ''Urban Plan.'' , '''1(1)''' , 24–40, doi:10.17645/up.v1i1.506.

<div id="Grové--2018"></div>

Grové, J., P.A. Lant, C.R. Greig, and S. Smart, 2018: Is MSW derived DME a viable clean cooking fuel in Kolkata, India? ''Renew. Energy'' , '''124''' , 50–60, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.039.

<div id="Gruebner--2017"></div>

Gruebner, O. et al., 2017: Cities and Mental Health. ''Dtsch. Aerzteblatt Online'' , '''114(''' '''121–127''' ''')''' , doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121.

<div id="Gu--2019"></div>

Gu, B., X. Zhang, X. Bai, B. Fu, and D. Chen, 2019: Four steps to food security for swelling cities. ''Nature'' , '''566''' , 31–33, doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00407-3.

<div id="Gudipudi--2016"></div>

Gudipudi, R., T. Fluschnik, A.G.C. Ros, C. Walther, and J.P. Kropp, 2016: City density and CO 2 efficiency. ''Energy Policy'' , '''91''' , 352–361, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.015.

<div id="Guelpa--2019"></div>

Guelpa, E., A. Bischi, V. Verda, M. Chertkov, and H. Lund, 2019: Towards future infrastructures for sustainable multi-energy systems: A review. ''Energy'' , '''184''' , 2–21, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.057.

<div id="Güneralp--2013"></div>

Güneralp, B., and K.C. Seto, 2013: Futures of global urban expansion: Uncertainties and implications for biodiversity conservation. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''8(1)''' , 014025, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014025.

<div id="Güneralp--2017"></div>

Güneralp, B., S. Lwasa, H. Masundire, S. Parnell, and K.C. Seto, 2017: Urbanization in Africa: challenges and opportunities for conservation. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''13''' , 015002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa94fe.

<div id="Güneralp--2020"></div>

Güneralp, B., M. Reba, B.U. Hales, E.A. Wentz, and K.C. Seto, 2020: Trends in urban land expansion, density, and land transitions from 1970 to 2010: a global synthesis. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''15(4)''' , 044015, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab6669.

<div id="Gurney--2021"></div>

Gurney, K.R. and P. Shepson, 2021: Opinion: The power and promise of improved climate data infrastructure. ''Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.'' , '''118(35)''' , e2114115118, doi:10.1073/pnas.2114115118.

<div id="Gurney--2015"></div>

Gurney, K.R. et al., 2015: Climate change: Track urban emissions on a human scale. ''Nature'' , '''525''' , 179–181, doi:10.1038/525179a.

<div id="Gurney--2019"></div>

Gurney, K.R. et al., 2019: The Hestia fossil fuel CO2 emissions data product for the Los Angeles megacity (Hestia-LA). ''Earth Syst. Sci. Data'' , '''11(3)''' , 1309–1335, doi:10.5194/essd-11-1309-2019.

<div id="Gurney--2021"></div>

Gurney, K.R. et al., 2021: Greenhouse gas emissions from global cities under SSP/RCP scenarios, 1990 to 2100. ''EarthArXiv'' , doi:10.31223/X5Z639.

<div id="Gurney--2022"></div>

Gurney, K.R. et al., 2022: Greenhouse gas emissions from global cities under SSP/RCP scenarios, 1990 to 2100. ''Glob. Environ. Change,'' '''73,''' 102478, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102478.

<div id="Hachaichi--2021"></div>

Hachaichi, M., and T. Baouni, 2021: Virtual carbon emissions in the big cities of middle-income countries. ''Urban Clim.'' , '''40''' , 100986, doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100986.

<div id="Hadfield--2019"></div>

Hadfield, P., and N. Cook, 2019: Financing the Low-Carbon City: Can Local Government Leverage Public Finance to Facilitate Equitable Decarbonisation? ''Urban Policy Res.'' , '''37(1)''' , 13–29, doi:10.1080/08111146.2017.1421532.

<div id="Hale--2020"></div>

Hale, T.N. et al., 2020: Sub- and non-state climate action: a framework to assess progress, implementation and impact. ''Clim. Policy'' , '''21(3)''' , 406–420, doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1828796.

<div id="Hall--2017a"></div>

Hall, D., M. Moultak, and N. Lutsey, 2017a: ''Electric vehicle capitals of the world: Demonstrating the path to electric drive'' . The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), Washington, DC, USA, 57 pp. https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Global-EV-Capitals_White-Paper_06032017_vF.pdf .

<div id="Hall--2017b"></div>

Hall, D.M. et al., 2017b: The city as a refuge for insect pollinators. ''Conserv. Biol.'' , '''31(1)''' , 24–29, doi:10.1111/cobi.12840.

<div id="Hall--1980"></div>

Hall, P., and D. Hay, 1980: ''Growth centres in the European urban system.'' Heinemann Educational Books, Ltd, London, UK, 310 pp.

<div id="Hallegatte--2019"></div>

Hallegatte, S., J. Rentschler, and J. Rozenberg, 2019: ''Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity'' . The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 224 pp. [http://hdl.handle.net/10986/31805 http://hdl.handle.n et/10986/31805] .

<div id="Hamidi--2020"></div>

Hamidi, S., S. Sabouri, and R. Ewing, 2020: Does Density Aggravate the COVID-19 Pandemic?: Early Findings and Lessons for Planners. ''J. Am. Plan. Assoc.'' , '''86(4)''' , 495–509, doi:10.1080/01944363.2020.1777891.

<div id="Han--2018"></div>

Han, F., R. Xie, Y. Lu, J. Fang, and Y. Liu, 2018: The effects of urban agglomeration economies on carbon emissions: Evidence from Chinese cities. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''172''' , 1096–1110, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.273.

<div id="Han--2021"></div>

Han, P. et al., 2021: Assessing the recent impact of COVID-19 on carbon emissions from China using domestic economic data. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''750''' , 141688, doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.141688.

<div id="Handy--1996"></div>

Handy, S., 1996: Methodologies for exploring the link between urban form and travel behavior. ''Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ.'' , '''1(2)''' , 151–165, doi:10.1016/S1361-9209(96)00010-7.

<div id="Handy--2020"></div>

Handy, S., 2020: Is accessibility an idea whose time has finally come? ''Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ.'' , '''83''' , 102319, doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102319.

<div id="Hansen--2020"></div>

Hansen, P., G.M. Morrison, A. Zaman, and X. Liu, 2020: Smart technology needs smarter management: Disentangling the dynamics of digitalism in the governance of shared solar energy in Australia. ''Energy Res. Soc. Sci.'' , '''60''' , 101322, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2019.101322.

<div id="Hanson--2003"></div>

Hanson, P.J. et al., 2003: Soil Respiration and Litter Decomposition. In: ''North American temperate deciduous forest responses to changing precipitation regimes'' [Hanson, P.J. and S.D. Wullschleger, (eds.)]. Springer, New York, NY, USA, pp. 163–189.

<div id="Harris--2020"></div>

Harris, S., J. Weinzettel, A. Bigano, and A. Källmén, 2020: Low carbon cities in 2050? GHG emissions of European cities using production-based and consumption-based emission accounting methods. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''248''' , 119206, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119206.

<div id="Haupt--2019"></div>

Haupt, W., and A. Coppola, 2019: Climate governance in transnational municipal networks: advancing a potential agenda for analysis and typology. ''Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev.'' , '''11(2)''' , 123–140, doi:10.1080/19463138.2019.1583235.

<div id="He--2019"></div>

He, B.-J. et al., 2019: Co-benefits approach: Opportunities for implementing sponge city and urban heat island mitigation. ''Land use policy'' , '''86''' , 147–157, doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.05.003.

<div id="Heikkinen--2019"></div>

Heikkinen, M., T. Ylä-Anttila, and S. Juhola, 2019: Incremental, reformistic or transformational: what kind of change do C40 cities advocate to deal with climate change? ''J. Environ. Policy Plan.'' , '''21(1)''' , 90–103, doi:10.1080/1523908X.2018.1473151.

<div id="Heinonen--2020"></div>

Heinonen, J. et al., 2020: Spatial consumption-based carbon footprint assessments - A review of recent developments in the field. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''256''' , 120335, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120335.

<div id="Helgenberger--2017"></div>

Helgenberger, S., and M. Jänicke, 2017: ''Mobilizing the co-benefits of climate change mitigation: Connecting opportunities with interests in the new energy world of renewables'' . Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Postdam, Germany, 20 pp. [https://www.iass-potsdam.de/sites/default/files/files/iass_working_paper_co_benefits.pdf https:// www.iass-potsdam.de/ sites/default/files/files/iass_working_paper_c o_benefits.pdf] .

<div id="Henneman--2016"></div>

Henneman, L.R.F., P. Rafaj, H.J. Annegarn, and C. Klausbruckner, 2016: Assessing emissions levels and costs associated with climate and air pollution policies in South Africa. ''Energy Policy'' , '''89''' , 160–170, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2015.11.026.

<div id="Herath--2021"></div>

Herath, P., M. Thatcher, H. Jin, and X. Bai, 2021: Effectiveness of urban surface characteristics as mitigation strategies for the excessive summer heat in cities. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''72''' , 103072, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103072.

<div id="Herrero--2018"></div>

Herrero, A., and M. Vilella, 2018: ‘We have a right to breathe clean air’: the emerging environmental justice movement against waste incineration in cement kilns in Spain. ''Sustain. Sci.'' , '''13(3)''' , 721–731, doi:10.1007/s11625-017-0473-x.

<div id="Herrmann--2018"></div>

Herrmann, A. et al., 2018: Household preferences for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in four European high-income countries: Does health information matter? A mixed-methods study protocol. ''BMC Public Health'' , '''18''' , 71, doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4604-1.

<div id="Hickmann--2017"></div>

Hickmann, T., and F. Stehle, 2017: Urban Climate Governance Experiments in South Africa: Insights from Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban. ''ISA Annual Convention'' , Baltimore, MD, USA, 26 pp. https://www.uni-potsdam.de/fileadmin01/projects/fuhr/ISA_Paper_Hickmann__StehleFinal.pdf .

<div id="Hickmann--2017"></div>

Hickmann, T., H. Fuhr, C. Höhne, M. Lederer, and F. Stehle, 2017: Carbon Governance Arrangements and the Nation-State: The Reconfiguration of Public Authority in Developing Countries. ''Public Adm. Dev.'' , '''37(5)''' , 331–343, doi:10.1002/pad.1814.

<div id="Hjalmarsson--2015"></div>

Hjalmarsson, L., 2015: Biogas as a boundary object for policy integration – the case of Stockholm. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''98''' , 185–193, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.042.

<div id="Ho--2013"></div>

Ho, C.S., Y. Matsuoka, J. Simson, and K. Gomi, 2013: Low carbon urban development strategy in Malaysia - The case of Iskandar Malaysia development corridor. ''Habitat Int.'' , '''37''' (SI), 43–51, doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.12.018.

<div id="Ho--2015"></div>

Ho, C.S., L.W. Chau, B.T. Teh, Y. Matsuoka, and K. Gomi, 2015: “Science to action” of the sustainable low carbon city-region: Lessons learnt from Iskandar Malaysia. In: ''Enabling Asia to Stabilise the Climate'' [Nishioka, S., (ed.)], Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp. 119–150.

<div id="Hofmann--2016"></div>

Hofmann, J., D. Guan, K. Chalvatzis, and H. Huo, 2016: Assessment of electrical vehicles as a successful driver for reducing CO2 emissions in China. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''184''' , 995–1003, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.042.

<div id="Hölscher--2019"></div>

Hölscher, K., N. Frantzeskaki, and D. Loorbach, 2019: Steering transformations under climate change: capacities for transformative climate governance and the case of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''19(3)''' , 791–805, doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1329-3.

<div id="Hoornweg--2012"></div>

Hoornweg, D., and P. Bhada-Tata, 2012: ''What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management'' . The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 98 pp.

<div id="Hoornweg--2017"></div>

Hoornweg, D., and K. Pope, 2017: Population predictions for the world’s largest cities in the 21st century. ''Environ. Urban.'' , '''29(1)''' , 195–216, doi:10.1177/0956247816663557.

<div id="Hoppe--2016"></div>

Hoppe, T., A. van der Vegt, and P. Stegmaier, 2016: Presenting a Framework to Analyze Local Climate Policy and Action in Small and Medium-Sized Cities. ''Sustainability'' , '''8(9)''' , 847, doi:10.3390/su8090847.

<div id="Hsieh--2017"></div>

Hsieh, S. et al., 2017: Defining density and land uses under energy performance targets at the early stage of urban planning processes. ''Energy Procedia'' , '''122''' , 301–306, doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.326.

<div id="Hsu--2018"></div>

Hsu, A. et al., 2018: Bridging the emissions gap - The role of non-state and subnational actors. In: ''The Emissions Gap Report 2018'' , ''A UN Environment Synthesis Report'' , United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, pp. 27.

<div id="Hsu--2019"></div>

Hsu, A. et al., 2019: A research roadmap for quantifying non-state and subnational climate mitigation action. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''9''' , 11–17, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0338-z.

<div id="Hsu--2020a"></div>

Hsu, A. et al., 2020a: ClimActor, harmonized transnational data on climate network participation by city and regional governments. ''Sci. Data'' , '''7''' , 374, doi:10.1038/s41597-020-00682-0.

<div id="Hsu--2020b"></div>

Hsu, A., N. Höhne, T. Kuramochi, V. Vilariño, and B.K. Sovacool, 2020b: Beyond states: Harnessing sub-national actors for the deep decarbonisation of cities, regions, and businesses. ''Energy Res. Soc. Sci.'' , '''70''' , 101738, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101738.

<div id="Hsu--2020c"></div>

Hsu, A. et al., 2020c: Performance determinants show European cities are delivering on climate mitigation. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''10(11)''' , 1015–1022, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0879-9.

<div id="Hu--2018"></div>

Hu, J., G. Liu, and F. Meng, 2018: Estimates of The Effectiveness for Urban Energy Conservation and Carbon Abatement Policies: The Case of Beijing City, China. ''J. Environ. Account. Manag.'' , '''6(3)''' , 199–214, doi:10.5890/JEAM.2018.09.002.

<div id="Hu--2020"></div>

Hu, L., J. Cao, and J. Yang, 2020: Planning for accessibility. ''Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ.'' , '''88''' , 102575, doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102575.

<div id="Hu--2015"></div>

Hu, M.-C., C.-Y. Wu, and T. Shih, 2015: Creating a new socio-technical regime in China: Evidence from the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City. ''Futures'' , '''70''' , 1–12, doi:10.1016/j.futures.2015.04.001.

<div id="Hu--2016"></div>

Hu, Y., J. Lin, S. Cui, and N.Z. Khanna, 2016: Measuring Urban Carbon Footprint from Carbon Flows in the Global Supply Chain. ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''50(12)''' , 6154–6163, doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b00985.

<div id="Huang--2019"></div>

Huang, K., X. Li, X. Liu, and K.C. Seto, 2019: Projecting global urban land expansion and heat island intensification through 2050. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''14(11)''' , 114037, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab4b71.

<div id="Hunter--2019"></div>

Hunter, R.G., J.W. Day, A.R. Wiegman, and R.R. Lane, 2019: Municipal wastewater treatment costs with an emphasis on assimilation wetlands in the Louisiana coastal zone. ''Ecol. Eng.'' , '''137''' , 21–25, doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.09.020.

<div id="Hurlimann--2021"></div>

Hurlimann, A., S. Moosavi, and G.R. Browne, 2021: Urban planning policy must do more to integrate climate change adaptation and mitigation actions. ''Land use policy'' , '''101''' , 105188, doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105188.

<div id="ICLEI--2019a"></div>

[[#ICLEI--2019a|ICLEI, 2019a]] : ''ICLEI in the urban era – 2019 update'' . Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), Bonn, Germany, 140 pp. http://e-lib.iclei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ICLEI-in-the-Urban-Era-2019-edition.pdf (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="ICLEI--2019b"></div>

[[#ICLEI--2019b|ICLEI, 2019b]] : ''U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions'' . Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), Bonn, Germany, 69 pp. https://icleiusa.org/publications/us-community-protocol/ (Accessed March 30, 2021).

<div id="IEA--2014"></div>

[[#IEA--2014|IEA, 2014]] : ''EV City Casebook: 50 Big Ideas Shaping the Future of Electric Mobility'' . International Energy Agency (IEA) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France, 74 pp.

<div id="IEA--2016a"></div>

[[#IEA--2016a|IEA, 2016a]] : ''Energy Technology Perspectives 2016: Towards Sustainable Urban Energy Systems'' . International Energy Agency (IEA) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France, 418 pp.

<div id="IEA--2016b"></div>

[[#IEA--2016b|IEA, 2016b]] : ''Global EV Outlook 2016: Beyond one million electric cars'' . International Energy Agency (IEA) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France, 49 pp.

<div id="IEA--2017"></div>

[[#IEA--2017|IEA, 2017]] : ''Global EV Outlook 2017: Two million and counting'' . International Energy Agency (IEA) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France, 71 pp.

<div id="IEA--2018"></div>

[[#IEA--2018|IEA, 2018]] : ''Global EV Outlook 2018: Towards cross-modal electrification'' . International Energy Agency (IEA) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France, 141 pp.

<div id="IEA--2020a"></div>

[[#IEA--2020a|IEA, 2020a]] : ''Global EV Outlook 2020: Entering the decade of electric drive?'' International Energy Agency (IEA) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France, 276 pp. [https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020 https:// www.iea.org/ reports/global-ev-outlook-2020] (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="IEA--2020b"></div>

[[#IEA--2020b|IEA, 2020b]] : ''World Energy Outlook 2020'' . International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France, 464 pp. [https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020 https:// www.iea.org/ reports/world-energy-outlook-2020] (Accessed October 31, 2021).

<div id="IEA--2021a"></div>

[[#IEA--2021a|IEA, 2021a]] : ''Empowering Cities for a Net Zero Future: Unlocking resilient, smart, sustainable urban energy systems'' . International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France, 108 pp.

<div id="IEA--2021b"></div>

[[#IEA--2021b|IEA, 2021b]] : ''Global EV Outlook 2021: Accelerating ambitions despite the pandemic'' . International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France, 101 pp. [https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2021 https:// www.iea.org/ reports/global-ev-outlook-2021] (Accessed October 31, 2021).

<div id="ILO--2018"></div>

[[#ILO--2018|ILO, 2018]] : ''Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture'' . 3rd ed. International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, Switzerland, 156 pp. https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_626831/lang--en/index.htm (Accessed December 30, 2020).

<div id="Ingrao--2019"></div>

Ingrao, C., A. Messineo, R. Beltramo, T. Yigitcanlar, and G. Ioppolo, 2019: Application of life cycle assessment in buildings: An overview of theoretical and practical information. In: ''The Routledge Companion to Environmental Planning'' [Davoudi, S., R. Cowell, I. White, and H. Blanco, (eds.)]. Routledge, London, UK, pp. 372–381.

<div id="IPBES--2019a"></div>

IPBES, 2019a: ''Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.'' [Díaz, S. et al., (eds.)]. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Bonn, Germany, 56 pp.

<div id="IPBES--2019b"></div>

[[#IPBES--2019b|IPBES, 2019b]] : ''Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services'' . [Brondizio, E.S., J. Settele, S. Díaz, and H.T. Ngo, (eds.)]. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Bonn, Germany, 1148 pp. [https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment https:// www.ipbes.net/ global-assessment] (Accessed March 28).

<div id="IPCC--2018a"></div>

[[#IPCC--2018a|IPCC, 2018a]] : ''Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 630 pp.

<div id="IPCC--2018b"></div>

[[#IPCC--2018b|IPCC, 2018b]] : Annex I: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R. (ed.)]. In: ''Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 541–562.

<div id="IPCC--2018c"></div>

[[#IPCC--2018c|IPCC, 2018c]] : Summary for Policymakers. In: ''Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1–24.

<div id="IPCC--2019"></div>

[[#IPCC--2019|IPCC, 2019]] : ''Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems'' [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 874 pp.

<div id="IPCC--2021"></div>

[[#IPCC--2021|IPCC, 2021]] : Climate Change 2021: ''The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA.

<div id="IRENA--2021"></div>

[[#IRENA--2021|IRENA, 2021]] : ''World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5°C Pathway'' . International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 312 pp. [https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook https:// www.irena.org/ publications/2021/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook] (Accessed October 31, 2021).

<div id="Islam--2018"></div>

Islam, K.M.N., 2018: Municipal solid waste to energy generation: An approach for enhancing climate co-benefits in the urban areas of Bangladesh. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''81''' , 2472–2486, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.053.

<div id="IUCN--2021"></div>

[[#IUCN--2021|IUCN, 2021]] : Nature-based Solutions. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). [https://www.iucn.org/theme/nature-based-solutions https:// www.iucn.org/ theme/nature-based-solutions] (Accessed October 11, 2021).

<div id="Ivanova--2016"></div>

Ivanova, D. et al., 2016: Environmental Impact Assessment of Household Consumption. ''J. Ind. Ecol.'' , '''20(3)''' , 526–536, doi:10.1111/jiec.12371.

<div id="Jacobs--1969"></div>

Jacobs, J., 1969: ''The economy of cities'' . Random House, New York, NY, USA, 283 pp.

<div id="Jacobson--2018"></div>

Jacobson, M.Z. et al., 2018: 100% clean and renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for 53 towns and cities in North America. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''42''' , 22–37, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.031.

<div id="Jacobson--2020"></div>

Jacobson, M.Z. et al., 2020: Transitioning All Energy in 74 Metropolitan Areas, Including 30 Megacities, to 100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS). ''Energies'' , '''13(18)''' , 4934, doi:10.3390/en13184934.

<div id="Jaganmohan--2016"></div>

Jaganmohan, M., S. Knapp, C.M. Buchmann, and N. Schwarz, 2016: The Bigger, the Better? The Influence of Urban Green Space Design on Cooling Effects for Residential Areas. ''J. Environ. Qual.'' , '''45(1)''' , 134–145, doi:10.2134/jeq2015.01.0062.

<div id="Jagarnath--2018"></div>

Jagarnath, M. and T. Thambiran, 2018: Greenhouse gas emissions profiles of neighbourhoods in Durban, South Africa – an initial investigation. ''Environ. Urban.'' , '''30(1)''' , 191–214, doi:10.1177/0956247817713471.

<div id="Jaglin--2014"></div>

Jaglin, S., 2014: Urban Energy Policies and the Governance of Multilevel Issues in Cape Town. ''Urban Stud.'' , '''51(7)''' , 1394–1414, doi:10.1177/0042098013500091.

<div id="Jamei--2021"></div>

Jamei, E., H.W. Chau, M. Seyedmahmoudian, and A. Stojcevski, 2021: Review on the cooling potential of green roofs in different climates. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''791''' , 148407, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148407.

<div id="Jarzebski--2021"></div>

Jarzebski, M.P. et al., 2021: Ageing and population shrinking: implications for sustainability in the urban century. ''npj Urban Sustain.'' , '''1(1)''' , 17, doi:10.1038/s42949-021-00023-z.

<div id="Jiang--2017"></div>

Jiang, L. and B.C. O’Neill, 2017: Global urbanization projections for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''42''' , 193–199, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.008.

<div id="Jiang--2017"></div>

Jiang, Y., E. van der Werf, E.C. van Ierland, and K.J. Keesman, 2017: The potential role of waste biomass in the future urban electricity system. ''Biomass and Bioenergy'' , '''107''' , 182–190, doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.10.001.

<div id="Jiang--2020"></div>

Jiang, Y., Y. Long, Q. Liu, K. Dowaki, and T. Ihara, 2020: Carbon emission quantification and decarbonization policy exploration for the household sector - Evidence from 51 Japanese cities. ''Energy Policy'' , '''140''' , 111438, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111438.

<div id="Jones--2014"></div>

Jones, C. and D.M. Kammen, 2014: Spatial distribution of U.S. household carbon footprints reveals suburbanization undermines greenhouse gas benefits of urban population density. ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''48(2)''' , 895–902, doi:10.1021/es4034364.

<div id="Jonker--2014"></div>

Jonker, M.F., F.J. van Lenthe, B. Donkers, J.P. Mackenbach, and A. Burdorf, 2014: The effect of urban green on small-area (healthy) life expectancy. ''J. Epidemiol. Community Health'' , '''68(10)''' , 999–1002, doi:10.1136/jech-2014-203847.

<div id="Joshi--2019"></div>

Joshi, C., J. Seay, and N. Banadda, 2019: A perspective on a locally managed decentralized circular economy for waste plastic in developing countries. ''Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy'' , '''38(1)''' , 3–11, doi:10.1002/EP.13086.

<div id="Kabisch--2016"></div>

Kabisch, N., M. Strohbach, D. Haase, and J. Kronenberg, 2016: Urban green space availability in European cities. ''Ecol. Indic.'' , '''70''' , 586–596, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.029.

<div id="Kalmykova--2015"></div>

Kalmykova, Y., L. Rosado, and J. Patrício, 2015: Urban Economies Resource Productivity and Decoupling: Metabolism Trends of 1996–2011 in Sweden, Stockholm, and Gothenburg. ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''49(14)''' , 8815–8823, doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01431.

<div id="Kalmykova--2016"></div>

Kalmykova, Y., L. Rosado, and J. Patrício, 2016: Resource consumption drivers and pathways to reduction: economy, policy and lifestyle impact on material flows at the national and urban scale. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''132''' , 70–80, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.027.

<div id="Kamiya--2020"></div>

Kamiya, M., M. Prakash, and H. Berggren, 2020: ''Financing Sustainable Urbanization: Counting the Costs and Closing the Gap'' . UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya, 8 pp. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/02/financing_sustainable_urbanization_-_counting_the_costs_and_closing_the_gap_february_2020.pdf (Accessed November 1, 2021).

<div id="Kammen--2016"></div>

Kammen, D.M., and D.A. Sunter, 2016: City-integrated renewable energy for urban sustainability. ''Science'' , '''352(6288)''' , 922–928, doi:10.1126/science.aad9302.

<div id="Kamruzzaman--2015"></div>

Kamruzzaman, M., F.M. Shatu, J. Hine, and G. Turrell, 2015: Commuting mode choice in transit oriented development: Disentangling the effects of competitive neighbourhoods, travel attitudes, and self-selection. ''Transp. Policy'' , '''42''' , 187–196, doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.06.003.

<div id="Kang--2018"></div>

Kang, C.-N., and S.-H. Cho, 2018: Thermal and electrical energy mix optimization (EMO) method for real large-scaled residential town plan. ''J. Electr. Eng. Technol.'' , '''13(1)''' , 513–520, doi:10.5370/JEET.2018.13.1.513.

<div id="Kareem--2020"></div>

Kareem, B. et al., 2020: Pathways for resilience to climate change in African cities. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''15(7)''' , 73002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab7951.

<div id="Karlsson--2020"></div>

Karlsson, M., E. Alfredsson, and N. Westling, 2020: Climate policy co-benefits: a review. ''Clim. Policy'' , '''20(3)''' , 292–316, doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1724070.

<div id="Kastner--2015"></div>

Kastner, I., and P.C. Stern, 2015: Examining the decision-making processes behind household energy investments: A review. ''Energy Res. Soc. Sci.'' , '''10''' , 72–89, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2015.07.008.

<div id="Kaza--2018"></div>

Kaza, S., Y. Lisa, P. Bhada-Tata, and F. Van Woerden, 2018: ''What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050'' . The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 38 pp.

<div id="Keenan--2019"></div>

Keenan, J.M., E. Chu, and J. Peterson, 2019: From funding to financing: perspectives shaping a research agenda for investment in urban climate adaptation. ''Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev.'' , '''11(3)''' , 297–308, doi:10.1080/19463138.2019.1565413.

<div id="Keller--2017"></div>

Keller, M., 2017: Multilevel Governance Theory in Practice: How Converging Models Explain Urban Climate Change Mitigation Policy in Bristol. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 60 pp.

<div id="Kennedy--2015"></div>

Kennedy, C.A., 2015: Key threshold for electricity emissions. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''5(3)''' , 179–181, doi:10.1038/nclimate2494.

<div id="Kennedy--2009"></div>

Kennedy, C.A. et al., 2009: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Cities. ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''43(19)''' , 7297–7302, doi:10.1021/es900213p.

<div id="Kennedy--2018"></div>

Kennedy, C.A., I.D. Stewart, M.I. Westphal, A. Facchini, and R. Mele, 2018: Keeping global climate change within 1.5°C through net negative electric cities. ''Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.'' , '''30''' , 18–25, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.009.

<div id="Kennedy--2019"></div>

Kennedy, C.A., I.D. Stewart, and M.I. Westphal, 2019: ''Shifting Currents: Opportunities for Low Carbon Electric Cities in the Global South'' . World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington, DC, USA, 36 pp. https://wrirosscities.org/sites/default/files/19_WP_Shifting_Currents_final.pdf (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="Keramidas--2018"></div>

Keramidas, K. et al., 2018: ''Global Energy and Climate Outlook 2018: Sectoral mitigation options towards a low-emissions economy – Global context to the EU strategy for long-term greenhouse gas emissions reduction, EUR 29462 EN'' . European Union (EU), Luxembourg, 200 pp.

<div id="Kern--2019"></div>

Kern, K., 2019: Cities as leaders in EU multilevel climate governance: embedded upscaling of local experiments in Europe. ''Env. Polit.'' , '''28''' , 125–145, doi:10.1080/09644016.2019.1521979.

<div id="Khan--2021"></div>

Khan, K. and C.-W. Su, 2021: Urbanization and carbon emissions: a panel threshold analysis. ''Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.'' , '''28(20)''' , 26073–26081, doi:10.1007/S11356-021-12443-6.

<div id="Khan--2016"></div>

Khan, M.M., S. Jain, M. Vaezi, and A. Kumar, 2016: Development of a decision model for the techno-economic assessment of municipal solid waste utilization pathways. ''Waste Manag.'' , '''48''' , 548–564, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.016.

<div id="Khavarian-Garmsir--2021"></div>

Khavarian-Garmsir, A.R., A. Sharifi, and N. Moradpour, 2021: Are high-density districts more vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic? ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''70''' , 102911, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.102911.

<div id="Khosla--2019"></div>

Khosla, R., and A. Bhardwaj, 2019: Urbanization in the time of climate change: Examining the response of Indian cities. ''Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change'' , '''10(1)''' , e560, doi:10.1002/wcc.560.

<div id="Kii--2020"></div>

Kii, M., 2020: Reductions in CO 2 Emissions from Passenger Cars under Demography and Technology Scenarios in Japan by 2050. ''Sustainability'' , '''12(17)''' , 6919, doi:10.3390/su12176919.

<div id="Kii--2021"></div>

Kii, M., 2021: Projecting future populations of urban agglomerations around the world and through the 21st century. ''npj Urban Sustain.'' , '''1(1)''' , 10, doi:10.1038/s42949-020-00007-5.

<div id="Kim--2018"></div>

Kim, G., and P. Coseo, 2018: Urban Park Systems to Support Sustainability: The Role of Urban Park Systems in Hot Arid Urban Climates. ''Forests'' , '''9(7)''' , 439, doi:10.3390/f9070439.

<div id="Kim--2018"></div>

Kim, H., and W. Chen, 2018: Changes in energy and carbon intensity in Seoul’s water sector. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''41''' , 749–759, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.001.

<div id="Kılkış--2019"></div>

Kılkış, Ş., 2019: Benchmarking the sustainability of urban energy, water and environment systems and envisioning a cross-sectoral scenario for the future. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''103''' , 529–545, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.006.

<div id="Kılkış--2021a"></div>

Kılkış, Ş., 2021a: Urban-Level-Emission-Scenarios: Urban Level Emission Scenarios. ''Zenodo'' , doi:10.5281/zenodo.5559792.

<div id="Kılkış--2021b"></div>

Kılkış, Ş., 2021b: Transition towards urban system integration and benchmarking of an urban area to accelerate mitigation towards net-zero targets. ''Energy'' , '''236''' , 121394, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.121394.

<div id="Kjellstrom--2013"></div>

Kjellstrom, T., and A.J. McMichael, 2013: Climate change threats to population health and well-being: the imperative of protective solutions that will last. ''Glob. Health Action'' , '''6(1)''' , 20816, doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.20816.

<div id="Klopp--2017"></div>

Klopp, J.M., and D.L. Petretta, 2017: The urban sustainable development goal: Indicators, complexity and the politics of measuring cities. ''Cities'' , '''63''' , 92–97, doi:10.1016/j.cities.2016.12.019.

<div id="Knoll--2021"></div>

Knoll, M., 2021: ''Cities–Regions–Hinterlands: Metabolisms, Markets, and Mobilities Revisited'' . [Knoll, M., (ed.)]. StudienVerlag, Innsbruck, Austria, 346 pp.

<div id="Kobashi--2020"></div>

Kobashi, T. et al., 2020: On the potential of “Photovoltaics + Electric vehicles” for deep decarbonization of Kyoto’s power systems: Techno-economic-social considerations. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''275''' , 115419, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115419.

<div id="Kobashi--2021"></div>

Kobashi, T., P. Jittrapirom, T. Yoshida, Y. Hirano, and Y. Yamagata, 2021: SolarEV City concept: Building the next urban power and mobility systems. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''16(2)''' , 024042, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abd430.

<div id="Kona--2018"></div>

Kona, A., P. Bertoldi, F. Monforti-Ferrario, S. Rivas, and J.F. Dallemand, 2018: Covenant of mayors signatories leading the way towards 1.5 degree global warming pathway. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''41''' , 568–575, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.05.017.

<div id="Koohsari--2016"></div>

Koohsari, M.J. et al., 2016: Street network measures and adults’ walking for transport: Application of space syntax. ''Heal. Place'' , '''38''' , 89–95, doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.12.009.

<div id="Koop--2015"></div>

Koop, S.H.A., and C.J. van Leeuwen, 2015: Assessment of the Sustainability of Water Resources Management: A Critical Review of the City Blueprint Approach. ''Water Resour. Manag.'' , '''29(15)''' , 5649–5670, doi:10.1007/s11269-015-1139-z.

<div id="Kościelniak--2016"></div>

Kościelniak, H. and A. Górka, 2016: Green Cities PPP as a Method of Financing Sustainable Urban Development. ''Transp. Res. Procedia'' , '''16''' , 227–235, doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2016.11.022.

<div id="Kourtit--2015"></div>

Kourtit, K., P. Nijkamp, and H. Scholten, 2015: The Future of the New Urban World. ''Int. Plan. Stud.'' , '''20(''' '''1–2''' ''')''' , 4–20, doi:10.1080/13563475.2014.9387.

<div id="Kovac--2020"></div>

Kovac, A., S. Mcdaniel, A. Kona, P. Bertoldi, and C. Chavara, 2020: ''Aggregating Cities’ GHG Mitigation Targets with Modeled Emissions Scenarios'' . World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington, DC, USA, 16 pp. https://files.wri.org/s3fs-public/aggregating-cities-ghg-mitigation-targets.pdf (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="Krayenhoff--2018"></div>

Krayenhoff, E.S., M. Moustaoui, A.M. Broadbent, V. Gupta, and M. Georgescu, 2018: Diurnal interaction between urban expansion, climate change and adaptation in US cities. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''8(12)''' , 1097–1103, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0320-9.

<div id="Kriegler--2017"></div>

Kriegler, E. et al., 2017: Fossil-fueled development (SSP5): An energy and resource intensive scenario for the 21st century. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''42''' , 297–315, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.015.

<div id="Krog--2019"></div>

Krog, L., 2019: How municipalities act under the new paradigm for energy planning. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''47''' , 101511, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101511.

<div id="Kshetri--2018"></div>

Kshetri, N., and J. Voas, 2018: Blockchain in Developing Countries. ''IT Prof.'' , '''20(2)''' , 11–14, doi:10.1109/MITP.2018.021921645.

<div id="Kuramochi--2020"></div>

Kuramochi, T. et al., 2020: Beyond national climate action: the impact of region, city, and business commitments on global greenhouse gas emissions. ''Clim. Policy'' , '''20(3)''' , 275–291, doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1740150.

<div id="Kutty--2020"></div>

Kutty, A.A., G.M. Abdella, M. Kucukvar, N.C. Onat, and M. Bulu, 2020: A system thinking approach for harmonizing smart and sustainable city initiatives with United Nations sustainable development goals. ''Sustain. Dev.'' , '''28(5)''' , 1347–1365, doi:10.1002/sd.2088.

<div id="Kwan--2016"></div>

Kwan, S.C. and J.H. Hashim, 2016: A review on co-benefits of mass public transportation in climate change mitigation. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''22''' , 11–18, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2016.01.004.

<div id="Laeremans--2018"></div>

Laeremans, M. et al., 2018: Black Carbon Reduces the Beneficial Effect of Physical Activity on Lung Function. ''Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc.'' , '''50(9)''' , 1875–1881, doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001632.

<div id="Lall--2021"></div>

Lall, S., M. Lebrand, H. Park, D. Sturm, and A.J. Venables, 2021: ''Pancakes to Pyramids: City Form to Promote Sustainable Growth'' . International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 154 pp. [https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/publication/pancakes-to-pyramids https:// www.worldbank.org/ en/topic/urbandevelopment/publication/pancakes-to-pyramids] (Accessed October 21, 2021).

<div id="Lam--2017"></div>

Lam, K.L., S.J. Kenway, and P.A. Lant, 2017: Energy use for water provision in cities. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''143''' , 699–709, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.056.

<div id="Lam--2018"></div>

Lam, K.L., P.A. Lant, and S.J. Kenway, 2018: Energy implications of the millennium drought on urban water cycles in Southeast Australian cities. ''Water Supply'' , '''18(1)''' , 214–221, doi:10.2166/ws.2017.110.

<div id="Lamb--2016"></div>

Lamb, B.K. et al., 2016: Direct and Indirect Measurements and Modeling of Methane Emissions in Indianapolis, Indiana. ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''50(16)''' , 8910–8917, doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b01198.

<div id="Lamb--2021"></div>

Lamb, M.R., S. Kandula, and J. Shaman, 2021: Differential COVID‐19 case positivity in New York City neighborhoods: Socioeconomic factors and mobility. ''Influenza Other Respi. Viruses'' , '''15(2)''' , 209–217, doi:10.1111/irv.12816.

<div id="Lamb--2018"></div>

Lamb, W.F., M.W. Callaghan, F. Creutzig, R. Khosla, and J.C. Minx, 2018: The literature landscape on 1.5°C climate change and cities. ''Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.'' , '''30''' , 26–34, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.008.

<div id="Lamb--2019"></div>

Lamb, W.F., F. Creutzig, M.W. Callaghan, and J.C. Minx, 2019: Learning about urban climate solutions from case studies. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''9(4)''' , 279–287, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0440-x.

<div id="Lammers--2019"></div>

Lammers, I. and T. Hoppe, 2019: Watt rules? Assessing decision-making practices on smart energy systems in Dutch city districts. ''Energy Res. Soc. Sci.'' , '''47''' , 233–246, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.003.

<div id="Lamson-Hall--2019"></div>

Lamson-Hall, P., S. Angel, D. DeGroot, R. Martin, and T. Tafesse, 2019: A new plan for African cities: The Ethiopia Urban Expansion Initiative. ''Urban Stud.'' , '''56(6)''' , 1234–1249, doi:10.1177/0042098018757601.

<div id="Landauer--2019"></div>

Landauer, M., S. Juhola, and J. Klein, 2019: The role of scale in integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation in cities. ''J. Environ. Plan. Manag.'' , '''62''' '''(5)''' , 741–765, doi:10.1080/09640568.2018.1430022.

<div id="Laramee--2018"></div>

Laramee, J., S. Tilmans, and J. Davis, 2018: Costs and benefits of biogas recovery from communal anaerobic digesters treating domestic wastewater: Evidence from peri-urban Zambia. ''J. Environ. Manage.'' , '''210''' , 23–35, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.064.

<div id="Lauvaux--2016"></div>

Lauvaux, T. et al., 2016: High-resolution atmospheric inversion of urban CO 2 emissions during the dormant season of the Indianapolis flux experiment (INFLUX). ''J. Geophys. Res.'' , '''121(10)''' , 5213–5236, doi:10.1002/2015JD024473.

<div id="Lauvaux--2020"></div>

Lauvaux, T. et al., 2020: Policy-Relevant Assessment of Urban CO 2 Emissions. ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''54(16)''' , 10237–10245, doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c00343.

<div id="Lawhon--2018"></div>

Lawhon, M., D. Nilsson, J. Silver, H. Ernstson, and S. Lwasa, 2018: Thinking through heterogeneous infrastructure configurations. ''Urban Stud.'' , '''55(4)''' , 720–732, doi:10.1177/0042098017720149.

<div id="Layne--2020"></div>

Layne, S.P., J.M. Hyman, D.M. Morens, and J.K. Taubenberger, 2020: New coronavirus outbreak: Framing questions for pandemic prevention. ''Sci. Transl. Med.'' , '''12(534)''' , eabb1469, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abb1469.

<div id="Le Quéré--2020"></div>

Le Quéré, C. et al., 2020: Temporary reduction in daily global CO 2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''10(7)''' , 647–653, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x.

<div id="Le Quéré--2021"></div>

Le Quéré, C. et al., 2021: Fossil CO 2 emissions in the post-COVID-19 era. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''11(3)''' , 197–199, doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01001-0.

<div id="Lechtenböhmer--2016"></div>

Lechtenböhmer, S., L.J. Nilsson, M. Åhman, and C. Schneider, 2016: Decarbonising the energy intensive basic materials industry through electrification – Implications for future EU electricity demand. ''Energy'' , '''115''' , 1623–1631, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.110.

<div id="Lecompte--2017"></div>

Lecompte, M.C. and B.S. Juan Pablo, 2017: Transport systems and their impact con gender equity. ''World Conference on Transport Research'' , Vol. 25 of, Shanghai, Elsevier B.V., 4245–4257.

<div id="Lee--2017"></div>

Lee, C.M., and P. Erickson, 2017: How does local economic development in cities affect global GHG emissions? ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''35''' , 626–636, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.08.027.

<div id="Lee--2018"></div>

Lee, J.H., and S. Lim, 2018: The selection of compact city policy instruments and their effects on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector: The case of South Korea. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''37''' , 116–124, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.11.006.

<div id="Lee--2020"></div>

Lee, S., and B. Lee, 2020: Comparing the impacts of local land use and urban spatial structure on household VMT and GHG emissions. ''J. Transp. Geogr.'' , '''84''' , 102694, doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102694.

<div id="Lee--2015"></div>

Lee, T., and M. Painter, 2015: Comprehensive local climate policy: The role of urban governance. ''Urban Clim.'' , '''14''' , 566–577, doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2015.09.003.

<div id="Lee--2020"></div>

Lee, V.J. et al., 2020: Epidemic preparedness in urban settings: new challenges and opportunities. ''Lancet Infect. Dis.'' , '''20(5)''' , 527–529, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30249-8.

<div id="Lemoine-Rodriguez--2020"></div>

Lemoine-Rodriguez, R., L. Inostroza, and H. Zepp, 2020: Urban form datasets of 194 cities delineated based on the contiguous urban fabric for 1990 and 2015. ''Data Br.'' , '''33''' , 106369, doi:10.1016/J.DIB.2020.106369.

<div id="Lenzen--2017"></div>

Lenzen, M. et al., 2017: The Global MRIO Lab – charting the world economy. ''Econ. Syst. Res.'' , '''29(2)''' , 158–186, doi:10.1080/09535314.2017.1301887.

<div id="Levesque--2019"></div>

Levesque, A., R.C. Pietzcker, and G. Luderer, 2019: Halving energy demand from buildings: The impact of low consumption practices. ''Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change'' , '''146''' , 253–266, doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2019.04.025.

<div id="Li--2016"></div>

Li, B. et al., 2016: Spatio-temporal assessment of urbanization impacts on ecosystem services: Case study of Nanjing City, China. ''Ecol. Indic.'' , '''71''' , 416–427, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.07.017.

<div id="Li--2019a"></div>

Li, R. et al., 2019a: Crowded urban traffic: co-evolution among land development, population, roads and vehicle ownership. ''Nonlinear Dyn.'' , '''95(4)''' , 2783–2795, doi:10.1007/S11071-018-4722-Z.

<div id="Li--2019b"></div>

Li, X., Y. Zhou, J. Eom, S. Yu, and G.R. Asrar, 2019b: Projecting Global Urban Area Growth Through 2100 Based on Historical Time Series Data and Future Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''7(4)''' , 351–362, doi:10.1029/2019EF001152.

<div id="Li--2017"></div>

Li, X.X., Y. Zhou, G.R. Asrar, M. Imhoff, and X.X. Li, 2017: The surface urban heat island response to urban expansion: A panel analysis for the conterminous United States. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''605''' – '''606''' , 426–435, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.229.

<div id="Li--2018"></div>

Li, Y., and X. Liu, 2018: How did urban polycentricity and dispersion affect economic productivity? A case study of 306 Chinese cities. ''Landsc. Urban Plan.'' , '''173''' , 51–59, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.01.007.

<div id="Lin--2021"></div>

Lin, B.B. et al., 2021: Integrating solutions to adapt cities for climate change. ''Lancet Planet. Health'' , '''5(7)''' , e479–e486, doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00135-2.

<div id="Lin--2015"></div>

Lin, J., Y. Hu, S. Cui, J. Kang, and A. Ramaswami, 2015: Tracking urban carbon footprints from production and consumption perspectives. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''10(5)''' , 054001, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054001.

<div id="Lin--2018"></div>

Lin, J. et al., 2018: Scenario analysis of urban GHG peak and mitigation co-benefits: A case study of Xiamen City, China. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''171''' , 972–983, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.040.

<div id="Linton--2021"></div>

Linton, S., A. Clarke, and L. Tozer, 2021: Strategies and governance for implementing deep decarbonization plans at the local level. ''Sustainability'' , '''13(1)''' , 1–22, doi:10.3390/su13010154.

<div id="Linzner--2013"></div>

Linzner, R., and U. Lange, 2013: Role and size of informal sector in waste management – a review. ''Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. - Waste Resour. Manag.'' , '''166(2)''' , 69–83, doi:10.1680/warm.12.00012.

<div id="Liu--2019"></div>

Liu, F. et al., 2019: Chinese cropland losses due to urban expansion in the past four decades. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''650(1)''' , 847–857, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.091.

<div id="Liu--2019"></div>

Liu, J., and D. Niyogi, 2019: Meta-analysis of urbanization impact on rainfall modification. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''9''' , 7301, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42494-2.

<div id="Liu--2017"></div>

Liu, M. et al., 2017: Estimating health co-benefits of greenhouse gas reduction strategies with a simplified energy balance based model: The Suzhou City case. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''142''' , 3332–3342, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.137.

<div id="Liu--2006"></div>

Liu, W.H. et al., 2006: Woody debris contribution to the carbon budget of selectively logged and maturing mid-latitude forests. ''Oecologia'' , '''148''' , 108–117, doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0356-9.

<div id="Liu--2014"></div>

Liu, X., B. Derudder, F. Witlox, and M. Hoyler, 2014: Cities As Networks within Networks of Cities: The Evolution of the City/Firm-Duality in the World City Network, 2000-2010. ''Tijdschr. voor Econ. en Soc. Geogr.'' , '''105(4)''' , 465–482, doi:10.1111/tesg.12097.

<div id="Liu--2020a"></div>

Liu, X. et al., 2020a: High-spatiotemporal-resolution mapping of global urban change from 1985 to 2015. ''Nat. Sustain.'' , '''3(7)''' , 564–570, doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0521-x.

<div id="Liu--2016a"></div>

Liu, Y., H. Guo, C. Sun, and W.-S. Chang, 2016a: Assessing Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as an Alternative Material for Mid-Rise Residential Buildings in Cold Regions in China—A Life-Cycle Assessment Approach. ''Sustainability'' , '''8(10)''' , 1047, doi:10.3390/su8101047.

<div id="Liu--2016b"></div>

Liu, Z., C. He, and J. Wu, 2016b: The Relationship between Habitat Loss and Fragmentation during Urbanization: An Empirical Evaluation from 16 World Cities. ''PLoS One'' , '''11(4)''' , e0154613, doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0154613.

<div id="Liu--2020b"></div>

Liu, Z. et al., 2020b: Near-real-time monitoring of global CO 2 emissions reveals the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''11''' , 5172, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18922-7.

<div id="Lohrey--2016"></div>

Lohrey, S. and F. [[#Creutzig--2016|Creutzig, 2016]] : A ‘sustainability window’ of urban form. ''Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ.'' , '''45''' , 96–111, doi:10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.004.

<div id="Lombardi--2017"></div>

Lombardi, M., E. Laiola, C. Tricase, and R. Rana, 2017: Assessing the urban carbon footprint: An overview. ''Environ. Impact Assess. Rev.'' , '''66''' , 43–52, doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2017.06.005.

<div id="Lu--2019"></div>

Lu, C. and W. Li, 2019: A comprehensive city-level GHGs inventory accounting quantitative estimation with an empirical case of Baoding. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''651''' , 601–613, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.223.

<div id="Lund--2014"></div>

Lund, H. et al., 2014: 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH): Integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems. ''Energy'' , '''68''' , 1–11, doi:10.1016/J.ENERGY.2014.02.089.

<div id="Lund--2017"></div>

Lund, H., P.A. Østergaard, D. Connolly, and B.V. Mathiesen, 2017: Smart energy and smart energy systems. ''Int. J. Sustain. Energy Plan. Manag.'' , '''11''' , 3–14, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.123.

<div id="Lund--2018"></div>

Lund, H., N. Duic, P.A. Østergaard, and B.V. Mathiesen, 2018: Future district heating systems and technologies: On the role of smart energy systems and 4th generation district heating. ''Energy'' , '''165''' , 614–619, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.115.

<div id="Lund--2015"></div>

Lund, P.D., J. Mikkola, and J. Ypyä, 2015: Smart energy system design for large clean power schemes in urban areas. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''103''' , 437–445, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.005.

<div id="Luqman--2021"></div>

Luqman, M., P. Rayner, and K.R. Gurney, 2021: On the impact of Urbanisation on CO 2 Emissions. ''EarthArXiv'' , doi:10.31223/X5D62Z.

<div id="Lwasa--2017"></div>

Lwasa, S., 2017: Options for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the low-emitting city and metropolitan region of Kampala. ''Carbon Manag.'' , '''8(3)''' , 263–276, doi:10.1080/17583004.2017.1330592.

<div id="Lwasa--2015"></div>

Lwasa, S. et al., 2015: A meta-analysis of urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry in mediating climate change. ''Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.'' , '''13''' , 68–73, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.02.003.

<div id="Lwasa--2018"></div>

Lwasa, S., K. Buyana, P. Kasaija, and J. Mutyaba, 2018: Scenarios for adaptation and mitigation in urban Africa under 1.5°C global warming. ''Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.'' , '''30''' , 52–58, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.012.

<div id="Lynch--1981"></div>

Lynch, K., 1981: ''A Theory of Good City Form'' . 1st ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 532 pp.

<div id="Ma--2015"></div>

Ma, J., Z. Liu, and Y. Chai, 2015: The impact of urban form on CO 2 emission from work and non-work trips: The case of Beijing, China. ''Habitat Int.'' , '''47''' , 1–10, doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.12.007.

<div id="Ma--2018"></div>

Ma, Y., K. Rong, D. Mangalagiu, T.F. Thornton, and D. Zhu, 2018: Co-evolution between urban sustainability and business ecosystem innovation: Evidence from the sharing mobility sector in Shanghai. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''188''' , 942–953, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.323.

<div id="Maes--2019"></div>

Maes, M.J.A.A., K.E. Jones, M.B. Toledano, and B. Milligan, 2019: Mapping synergies and trade-offs between urban ecosystems and the sustainable development goals. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''93''' , 181–188, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.010.

<div id="Magueta--2018"></div>

Magueta, D., M. Madaleno, M. Ferreira Dias, and M. Meireles, 2018: New cars and emissions: Effects of policies, macroeconomic impacts and cities characteristics in Portugal. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''181''' , 178–191, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.243.

<div id="Mahtta--2019"></div>

Mahtta, R., A. Mahendra, and K.C. Seto, 2019: Building up or spreading out? Typologies of urban growth across 478 cities of 1 million+. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''14(12)''' , 124077, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab59bf.

<div id="Maier--2016"></div>

Maier, S., 2016: Smart energy systems for smart city districts: case study Reininghaus District. ''Energy. Sustain. Soc.'' , '''6''' , 23, doi:10.1186/s13705-016-0085-9.

<div id="Manga--2020"></div>

Manga, M., J. Bartram, and B.E. Evans, 2020: Economic cost analysis of low-cost sanitation technology options in informal settlement areas (case study: Soweto, Johannesburg). ''Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health'' , '''223(1)''' , 289–298, doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.012.

<div id="Mantey--2019"></div>

Mantey, J. and E.K. Sakyi, 2019: A Study of Energy Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions of High Income Urban Residents in the city of Accra, Ghana. ''OIDA Int. J. Sustain. Dev.'' , '''12(2)''' , 41–60.

<div id="Manuamorn--2020"></div>

Manuamorn, O.P., R. Biesbroek, and V. Cebotari, 2020: What makes internationally-financed climate change adaptation projects focus on local communities? A configurational analysis of 30 Adaptation Fund projects. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''61''' , 102035, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102035.

<div id="Marino--2018"></div>

Marino, A.L., G. de L.D. Chaves, and J.L. dos Santos Junior, 2018: Do Brazilian municipalities have the technical capacity to implement solid waste management at the local level? ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''188''' , 378–386, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.311.

<div id="Maroko--2020"></div>

Maroko, A.R., D. Nash, and B.T. Pavilonis, 2020: COVID-19 and Inequity: a Comparative Spatial Analysis of New York City and Chicago Hot Spots. ''J. Urban Heal.'' , '''97(4)''' , 461–470, doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00468-0.

<div id="Marshall--1989"></div>

Marshall, J.U., 1989: ''The Structure of Urban Systems'' . University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 394 pp.

<div id="Martin--2018"></div>

Martin, A.R., M. Doraisami, and S.C. Thomas, 2018: Global patterns in wood carbon concentration across the world’s trees and forests. ''Nat. Geosci.'' , '''11(12)''' , 915–920, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0246-x.

<div id="Martínez--2017"></div>

Martínez, J., J. Martí-Herrero, S. Villacís, A.J. Riofrio, and D. Vaca, 2017: Analysis of energy, CO 2 emissions and economy of the technological migration for clean cooking in Ecuador. ''Energy Policy'' , '''107''' , 182–187, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.04.033.

<div id="Masoumi--2019"></div>

Masoumi, H.E., 2019: A discrete choice analysis of transport mode choice causality and perceived barriers of sustainable mobility in the MENA region. ''Transp. Policy'' , '''79''' , 37–53, doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.04.005.

<div id="Masseroni--2016"></div>

Masseroni, D., and A. Cislaghi, 2016: Green roof benefits for reducing flood risk at the catchment scale. ''Environ. Earth Sci.'' , '''75(7)''' , 579, doi:10.1007/s12665-016-5377-z.

<div id="Masucci--2013"></div>

Masucci, A.P., K. Stanilov, and M. Batty, 2013: Limited Urban Growth: London’s Street Network Dynamics since the 18th Century. ''PLoS One'' , '''8(8)''' , e69469, doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0069469.

<div id="Mathiesen--2015"></div>

Mathiesen, B.V. et al., 2015: Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''145''' , 139–154, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.075.

<div id="Matsuda--2018"></div>

Matsuda, T. et al., 2018: Monitoring environmental burden reduction from household waste prevention. ''Waste Manag.'' , '''71''' , 2–9, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.014.

<div id="Matsuhashi--2016"></div>

Matsuhashi, K., and T. Ariga, 2016: Estimation of passenger car CO2 emissions with urban population density scenarios for low carbon transportation in Japan. ''IATSS Res.'' , '''39(2)''' , 117–120, doi:10.1016/j.iatssr.2016.01.002.

<div id="Matsuo--2019"></div>

Matsuo, K., and T. Tanaka, 2019: Analysis of spatial and temporal distribution patterns of temperatures in urban and rural areas: Making urban environmental climate maps for supporting urban environmental planning and management in Hiroshima. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''47''' , 101419, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2019.01.004.

<div id="Matthews--2016"></div>

Matthews, E.R., J.P. Schmit, and J.P. Campbell, 2016: Climbing vines and forest edges affect tree growth and mortality in temperate forests of the U.S. Mid-Atlantic States. ''For. Ecol. Manage.'' , '''374''' , 166–173, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.005.

<div id="McCarney--2019"></div>

McCarney, P., 2019: Cities leading: The pivotal role of local governance and planning for sustainable development. In: ''The Routledge Companion to Environmental Planning'' [Davoudi, S., R. Cowell, I. White, and H. Blanco, (eds.)]. Routledge, London, UK, pp. 200–208.

<div id="McCarney--2011"></div>

McCarney, P., H. Blanco, J. Carmin, and M. Colley, 2011: Cities and Climate Change: The challenges for governance. In: ''Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network'' [Rosenzweig, C., W.D. Solecki, S.A. Hammer, and S. Mehrotra, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 249–269.

<div id="McDonald--2016"></div>

McDonald, R. et al., 2016: ''Planting healthy air: A global analysis of the role of urban trees in addressing particulate matter pollution and extreme heat'' . The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Arlington, VA, USA, 136 pp. [https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/20160825_PHA_Report_Final.pdf https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/ 20160825_PHA_Report_Final.pdf] (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="McDonald--2018"></div>

McDonald, R.I., B. Güneralp, C.-W.W. Huang, K.C. Seto, and M. You, 2018: Conservation priorities to protect vertebrate endemics from global urban expansion. ''Biol. Conserv.'' , '''224''' , 290–299, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.06.010.

<div id="McDonald--2020"></div>

McDonald, R.I. et al., 2020: Research gaps in knowledge of the impact of urban growth on biodiversity. ''Nat. Sustain.'' , '''3''' , 16–24, doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0436-6.

<div id="Meha--2020"></div>

Meha, D., A. Pfeifer, N. Duić, and H. Lund, 2020: Increasing the integration of variable renewable energy in coal-based energy system using power to heat technologies: The case of Kosovo. ''Energy'' , '''212''' , 118762, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118762.

<div id="Mehta--2019"></div>

Mehta, L. et al., 2019: Climate change and uncertainty from ‘above’ and ‘below’: perspectives from India. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''19(6)''' , 1533–1547, doi:10.1007/s10113-019-01479-7.

<div id="Melica--2018"></div>

Melica, G. et al., 2018: Multilevel governance of sustainable energy policies: The role of regions and provinces to support the participation of small local authorities in the Covenant of Mayors. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''39''' , 729–739, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.013.

<div id="Mell--2013"></div>

Mell, I.C., J. Henneberry, S. Hehl-Lange, and B. Keskin, 2013: Promoting urban greening: Valuing the development of green infrastructure investments in the urban core of Manchester, UK. ''Urban For. Urban Green.'' , '''12(3)''' , 296–306, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2013.04.006.

<div id="Mell--2016"></div>

Mell, I.C., J. Henneberry, S. Hehl-Lange, and B. Keskin, 2016: To green or not to green: Establishing the economic value of green infrastructure investments in The Wicker, Sheffield. ''Urban For. Urban Green.'' , '''18''' , 257–267, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.015.

<div id="Meschede--2019"></div>

Meschede, H., 2019: Increased utilisation of renewable energies through demand response in the water supply sector – A case study. ''Energy'' , '''175''' , 810–817, doi:10.1016/J.ENERGY.2019.03.137.

<div id="Mey--2019"></div>

Mey, F. and J. Hicks, 2019: Community Owned Renewable Energy: Enabling the Transition Towards Renewable Energy? In: ''Decarbonising the Built Environment: Charting the Transition'' [Newton, P., D. Prasad, A. Sproul, and S. White, (eds.)]. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp. 65–82.

<div id="Mguni--2016"></div>

Mguni, P., L. Herslund, and M.B. Jensen, 2016: Sustainable urban drainage systems: examining the potential for green infrastructure-based stormwater management for Sub-Saharan cities. ''Nat. Hazards'' , '''82''' (S2), 241–257, doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2309-x.

<div id="Mi--2019"></div>

Mi, Z. et al., 2019: Cities: The core of climate change mitigation. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''207''' , 582–589, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.034.

<div id="Miao--2017"></div>

Miao, L., 2017: Examining the impact factors of urban residential energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in China – Evidence from city-level data. ''Ecol. Indic.'' , '''73''' , 29–37, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.09.031.

<div id="Milutinović--2016"></div>

Milutinović, B., G. Stefanović, S. Milutinović, and Ž. Ćojbašić, 2016: Application of fuzzy logic for evaluation of the level of social acceptance of waste treatment. ''Clean Technol. Environ. Policy'' , '''18(6)''' , 1863–1875, doi:10.1007/s10098-016-1211-2.

<div id="Mitchell--2018"></div>

Mitchell, L.E. et al., 2018: Long-term urban carbon dioxide observations reveal spatial and temporal dynamics related to urban characteristics and growth. ''Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.'' , '''115(12)''' , 2912–2917, doi:10.1073/pnas.1702393115.

<div id="Moglia--2018"></div>

Moglia, M. et al., 2018: Urban transformation stories for the 21st century: Insights from strategic conversations. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''50''' , 222–237, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.04.009.

<div id="Mohajeri--2014"></div>

Mohajeri, N., and A. Gudmundsson, 2014: The Evolution and Complexity of Urban Street Networks. ''Geogr. Anal.'' , '''46(4)''' , 345–367, doi:10.1111/GEAN.12061.

<div id="Mohammed--2019"></div>

Mohammed, M.U., N.I. Hassan, and M.M. Badamasi, 2019: In search of missing links: urbanisation and climate change in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. ''Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev.'' , '''11(3)''' , 309–318, doi:10.1080/19463138.2019.1603154.

<div id="Möller--2018"></div>

Möller, B., E. Wiechers, U. Persson, L. Grundahl, and D. Connolly, 2018: Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying local heat demand and supply areas with a European thermal atlas. ''Energy'' , '''158''' , 281–292, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.025.

<div id="Möller--2019"></div>

Möller, B. et al., 2019: Heat Roadmap Europe: Towards EU-Wide, local heat supply strategies. ''Energy'' , '''177''' , 554–564, doi:10.1016/J.ENERGY.2019.04.098.

<div id="Moncada--2019"></div>

Moncada, S., H. Bambrick, and M. Briguglio, 2019: The health impacts of a community biogas facility in an informal Urban settlement: does training matter? ''J. Dev. Eff.'' , '''11(2)''' , 189–202, doi:10.1080/19439342.2019.1638434.

<div id="Monforti-Ferrario--2018"></div>

Monforti-Ferrario, F., A. Kona, E. Peduzzi, D. Pernigotti, and E. Pisoni, 2018: The impact on air quality of energy saving measures in the major cities signatories of the Covenant of Mayors initiative. ''Environ. Int.'' , '''118''' , 222–234, doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.001.

<div id="Mora--2017"></div>

Mora, C. et al., 2017: Global risk of deadly heat. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''7(7)''' , 501–506, doi:10.1038/nclimate3322.

<div id="Moran--2018"></div>

Moran, D. et al., 2018: Carbon footprints of 13 000 cities. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''13(6)''' , 064041, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac72a.

<div id="Moreno--2021"></div>

Moreno, C., Z. Allam, D. Chabaud, C. Gall, and F. Pratlong, 2021: Introducing the “15-Minute City”: Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities. ''Smart Cities'' , '''4(1)''' , 93–111, doi:10.3390/smartcities4010006.

<div id="Moretti--2017"></div>

Moretti, M. et al., 2017: A systematic review of environmental and economic impacts of smart grids. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''68''' , 888–898, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.039.

<div id="Moser--2019"></div>

Moser, S.C., J.A. Ekstrom, J. Kim, and S. Heitsch, 2019: Adaptation finance archetypes: local governments’ persistent challenges of funding adaptation to climate change and ways to overcome them. ''Ecol. Soc.'' , '''24(2)''' , art28, doi:10.5751/ES-10980-240228.

<div id="Mrówczyńska--2018"></div>

Mrówczyńska, M., M. Skiba, A. Bazan-Krzywoszańska, D. Bazuń, and M. Kwiatkowski, 2018: Social and Infrastructural Conditioning of Lowering Energy Costs and Improving the Energy Efficiency of Buildings in the Context of the Local Energy Policy. ''Energies'' , '''11(9)''' , 2302, doi:10.3390/en11092302.

<div id="Mrówczyńska--2021"></div>

Mrówczyńska, M. et al., 2021: Scenarios as a tool supporting decisions in urban energy policy: The analysis using fuzzy logic, multi-criteria analysis and GIS tools. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''137''' , 110598, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110598.

<div id="Mueller--2021"></div>

Mueller, K.L. et al., 2021: An emerging GHG estimation approach can help cities achieve their climate and sustainability goals. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''16(8)''' , 084003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac0f25.

<div id="Mueller--2020"></div>

Mueller, N. et al., 2020: Changing the urban design of cities for health: The superblock model. ''Environ. Int.'' , '''134''' , 105132, doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105132.

<div id="Müller--2013"></div>

Müller, D.B. et al., 2013: Carbon Emissions of Infrastructure Development. ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''47(20)''' , 11739–11746, doi:10.1021/es402618m.

<div id="Mulligan--2020"></div>

Mulligan, J. et al., 2020: Hybrid infrastructures, hybrid governance: New evidence from Nairobi (Kenya) on green-blue-grey infrastructure in informal settlements. ''Anthropocene'' , '''29''' , 100227, doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2019.100227.

<div id="Munich RE--2021"></div>

[[#Munich%20RE--2021|Munich RE, 2021]] : Record hurricane season and major wildfires – The natural disaster figures for 2020. [https://www.munichre.com/en/company/media-relations/media-information-and-corporate-news/media-information/2021/2020-natural-disasters-balance.html https:// www.munichre.com/ en/company/ media-relations/media-information-and-corporate-news/media-information/ 2021/2020-natural-disasters-balance.html] (Accessed October 11, 2021).

<div id="Nagendra--2018"></div>

Nagendra, H., X. Bai, E.S. Brondizio, and S. Lwasa, 2018: The urban south and the predicament of global sustainability. ''Nat. Sustain.'' , '''1(7)''' , 341–349, doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0101-5.

<div id="Narayana--2009"></div>

Narayana, T., 2009: Municipal solid waste management in India: From waste disposal to recovery of resources? ''Waste Manag.'' , '''29(3)''' , 1163–1166, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.038.

<div id="Nasarre-Aznar--2018"></div>

Nasarre-Aznar, S., 2018: Collaborative housing and blockchain. ''Administration'' , '''66(2)''' , 59–82, doi:10.2478/admin-2018-0018.

<div id="Naumann--2014"></div>

Naumann, S., T. Kaphengst, K. McFarland, and J. Stadler, 2014: ''Nature-based approaches for climate change mitigation and adaptation: The challenges of climate change - partnering with nature'' . German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Ecologic Institute, Bonn, Germany, 22 pp. [https://www.ecologic.eu/11240 https:// www.ecologic.eu/ 11240] (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="NCE--2018"></div>

[[#NCE--2018|NCE, 2018]] : ''Unlocking the Inclusive Growth Story of the 21st Century: Accelerating Climate Action in Urgent Times - Key Findings &amp; Executive Summary'' . The New Climate Economy (NCE), The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, Washington, DC, USA, 16 pp. https://newclimateeconomy.report/2018/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/09/NCE_2018_ExecutiveSummary_FINAL.pdf (Accessed October 22, 2021).

<div id="Negreiros--2021"></div>

Negreiros, P. et al., 2021: ''The State of Cities Climate Finance Part 1: The Landscape of Urban Climate Finance'' . Climate Policy Initiative (CPI), San Francisco, CA, USA, 82 pp.

<div id="Nero--2018"></div>

Nero, B., D. Callo-Concha, and M. Denich, 2018: Structure, Diversity, and Carbon Stocks of the Tree Community of Kumasi, Ghana. ''Forests'' , '''9(9)''' , 519, doi:10.3390/f9090519.

<div id="Nero--2019"></div>

Nero, B., D. Callo-Concha, and M. Denich, 2019: Increasing Urbanisation and the Role of Green Spaces in Urban Climate Resilience in Africa. In: ''Environmental Change and African Societies'' [Haltermann, I. and J. Tischler, (eds.)]. Vol. 5 of ''Climate and Culture'' , Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 265–296.

<div id="Neuvonen--2017"></div>

Neuvonen, A., and P. Ache, 2017: Metropolitan vision making – using backcasting as a strategic learning process to shape metropolitan futures. ''Futures'' , '''86''' , 73–83, doi:10.1016/j.futures.2016.10.003.

<div id="NewClimate Institute--2020"></div>

NewClimate Institute, and Data-Driven EnviroLab, 2020: ''Navigating the nuances of net-zero targets'' . [Day, T. et al., (eds.)]. NewClimate Institute and Data-Driven EnviroLab, Cologne, Germany, 74 pp. [https://newclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/NewClimate_NetZeroReport_October2020.pdf https://newclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/NewClimate_NetZeroReport_ October2020.pdf] (Accessed March 30, 2021).

<div id="NewClimate Institute--2019"></div>

NewClimate Institute, Data-Driven Lab, German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), and Blavatnik School of Government University of Oxford, 2019: ''Global climate action from cities, regions and businesses: Impact of individual actors and cooperative initiatives on global and national emissions'' . [Kuramochi, T. et al., (eds.)]. 2 nd ed. NewClimate Institute, Data-Driven Lab, PBL, German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, 93 pp. https://newclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Report-Global-Climate-Action-from-Cities-Regions-and-Businesses_2019.pdf (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="Newman--2020"></div>

Newman, P., 2020: COVID, CITIES and CLIMATE: Historical Precedents and Potential Transitions for the New Economy. ''Urban Sci.'' , '''4(3)''' , 32, doi:10.3390/urbansci4030032.

<div id="Newman--2017"></div>

Newman, P., 2017: The rise and rise of renewable cities. ''Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain.'' , '''2''' , 10, doi:10.1051/rees/2017008.

<div id="Newman--2020"></div>

Newman, P., 2020: Cool planning: How urban planning can mainstream responses to climate change. ''Cities'' , '''103''' , 102651, doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102651.

<div id="Newman--2008"></div>

Newman, P. and I. Jennings, 2008: ''Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: Principles and Practices'' . Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, 296 pp.

<div id="Newman--2016"></div>

Newman, P., L. Kosonen, and J. Kenworthy, 2016: Theory of urban fabrics: planning the walking, transit/public transport and automobile/motor car cities for reduced car dependency. ''Town Plan. Rev.'' , '''87(4)''' , 429–458, doi:10.3828/tpr.2016.28.

<div id="Newman--2017"></div>

Newman, P., T. Beatley, and H. Boyer, 2017: ''Resilient Cities, Second Edition: Overcoming Fossil Fuel Dependence'' . 2nd ed. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, 264 pp.

<div id="Nieuwenhuijsen--2020"></div>

Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., 2020: Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; A review of the current evidence. ''Environ. Int.'' , '''140''' , 105661, doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105661.

<div id="Nieuwenhuijsen--2016"></div>

Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., and H. Khreis, 2016: Car free cities: Pathway to healthy urban living. ''Environ. Int.'' , '''94''' , 251–262, doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.032.

<div id="Nilsson--2016"></div>

Nilsson, M., D. Griggs, and M. Visbeck, 2016: Policy: Map the interactions between Sustainable Development Goals. ''Nature'' , '''534''' , 320–322, doi:10.1038/534320a.

<div id="Nisbet--2019"></div>

Nisbet, E.G. et al., 2019: Very Strong Atmospheric Methane Growth in the 4 Years 2014–2017: Implications for the Paris Agreement. ''Global Biogeochem. Cycles'' , '''33''' '''(3)''' , 318–342, doi:10.1029/2018GB006009.

<div id="Noble--2017"></div>

Noble, B., and K. Nwanekezie, 2017: Conceptualizing strategic environmental assessment: Principles, approaches and research directions. ''Environ. Impact Assess. Rev.'' , '''62''' , 165–173, doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2016.03.005.

<div id="Nowak--2007"></div>

Nowak, D.J. and J.F. Dwyer, 2007: Understanding the Benefits and Costs of Urban Forest Ecosystems. In: ''Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast'' [Kuser, J.E., (ed.)]. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 25–46.

<div id="Nowak--2020"></div>

Nowak, D.J. and E.J. Greenfield, 2020: The increase of impervious cover and decrease of tree cover within urban areas globally (2012–2017). ''Urban For. Urban Green.'' , '''49''' , 126638, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126638.

<div id="Nowak--2013"></div>

Nowak, D.J., E.J. Greenfield, R.E. Hoehn, and E. Lapoint, 2013: Carbon storage and sequestration by trees in urban and community areas of the United States. ''Environ. Pollut.'' , '''178''' , 229–236, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.019.

<div id="Nowak--2017"></div>

Nowak, D.J., N. Appleton, A. Ellis, and E. Greenfield, 2017: Residential building energy conservation and avoided power plant emissions by urban and community trees in the United States. ''Urban For. Urban Green.'' , '''21''' , 158–165, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.12.004.

<div id="O’Brien--2019"></div>

O’Brien, P., P. O’Neill, and A. Pike, 2019: Funding, financing and governing urban infrastructures. ''Urban Stud.'' , '''56(7)''' , 1291–1303, doi:10.1177/0042098018824014.

<div id="O’Dwyer--2019"></div>

O’Dwyer, E., I. Pan, S. Acha, and N. Shah, 2019: Smart energy systems for sustainable smart cities: Current developments, trends and future directions. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''237''' , 581–597, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.024.

<div id="O’Neill--2020"></div>

O’Neill, B.C. et al., 2020: Achievements and needs for the climate change scenario framework. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''10(12)''' , 1074–1084, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-00952-0.

<div id="Oda--2021"></div>

Oda, T., C. Haga, K. Hosomi, T. Matsui, and R. Bun, 2021: Errors and uncertainties associated with the use of unconventional activity data for estimating CO 2 emissions: the case for traffic emissions in Japan. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''16(8)''' , 084058, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac109d.

<div id="Olazabal--2021"></div>

Olazabal, M., and M. Ruiz De Gopegui, 2021: Adaptation planning in large cities is unlikely to be effective. ''Landsc. Urban Plan.'' , '''206''' , 103974, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103974.

<div id="Oliveira--2017"></div>

Oliveira, L.S.B.L., L. Oliveira, B.S. Bezerra, B. Silva Pereira, and R.A.G. Battistelle, 2017: Environmental analysis of organic waste treatment focusing on composting scenarios. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''155(Part I)''' , 229–237, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.093.

<div id="ONU Medio Ambiente--2017"></div>

[[#ONU%20Medio%20Ambiente--2017|ONU Medio Ambiente, 2017]] : ''Movilidad eléctrica: Oportunidades para Latinoamérica'' . ONU Ambiente / United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Panama City, Panama, 82 pp. [https://movelatam.org/Movilidad%20electrica_%20Oportunidades%20para%20AL.pdf http://movelatam.org/Movilidad] electrica_ Oportunidades para AL.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2021).

<div id="Oyewo--2019"></div>

Oyewo, A.S., A. Aghahosseini, M. Ram, A. Lohrmann, and C. Breyer, 2019: Pathway towards achieving 100% renewable electricity by 2050 for South Africa. ''Sol. Energy'' , '''191''' , 549–565, doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.09.039.

<div id="Pacheco-Torres--2017"></div>

Pacheco-Torres, R., J. Roldán, E.J. Gago, and J. Ordóñez, 2017: Assessing the relationship between urban planning options and carbon emissions at the use stage of new urbanized areas: A case study in a warm climate location. ''Energy Build.'' , '''136''' , 73–85, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.11.055.

<div id="Padeiro--2019"></div>

Padeiro, M., A. Louro, and N.M. da Costa, 2019: Transit-oriented development and gentrification: a systematic review. ''Transp. Rev.'' , '''39(6)''' , 733–754, doi:10.1080/01441647.2019.1649316.

<div id="Palermo--2020a"></div>

Palermo, V., P. Bertoldi, M. Apostolou, A. Kona, and S. Rivas, 2020a: Assessment of climate change mitigation policies in 315 cities in the Covenant of Mayors initiative. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''60''' , 102258, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102258.

<div id="Palermo--2020b"></div>

Palermo, V., P. Bertoldi, M. Apostolou, A. Kona, and S. Rivas, 2020b: Data on mitigation policies at local level within the Covenant of Mayors’ monitoring emission inventories. ''Data Br.'' , '''32''' , 106217, doi:10.1016/j.dib.2020.106217.

<div id="Pan--2020"></div>

Pan, J., 2020: Target Orientation of Addressing Climate Change during the Period of the 14th Five-Year Plan. ''Chinese J. Urban Environ. Stud.'' , '''8(2)''' , 2050007, doi:10.1142/S2345748120500074.

<div id="Pan--2015"></div>

Pan, S.-Y. et al., 2015: Strategies on implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE) supply chain for circular economy system: a review. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''108''' , 409–421, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.124.

<div id="Pandey--2018"></div>

Pandey, R. et al., 2018: Climate change vulnerability in urban slum communities: Investigating household adaptation and decision-making capacity in the Indian Himalaya. ''Ecol. Indic.'' , '''90''' , 379–391, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.031.

<div id="Park--2019"></div>

Park, E.S. and I.N. Sener, 2019: Traffic-related air emissions in Houston: Effects of light-rail transit. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''651''' , 154–161, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.169.

<div id="Pasimeni--2019"></div>

Pasimeni, M.R., D. Valente, G. Zurlini, and I. Petrosillo, 2019: The interplay between urban mitigation and adaptation strategies to face climate change in two European countries. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''95''' , 20–27, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2019.02.002.

<div id="Pataki--2011"></div>

Pataki, D.E. et al., 2011: Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions. ''Front. Ecol. Environ.'' , '''9(1)''' , 27–36, doi:10.1890/090220.

<div id="Pathak--2016"></div>

Pathak, M. and P.R. Shukla, 2016: Co-benefits of low carbon passenger transport actions in Indian cities: Case study of Ahmedabad. ''Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ.'' , '''44''' , 303–316, doi:10.1016/j.trd.2015.07.013.

<div id="Pathak--2018"></div>

Pathak, M. and D. Mahadevia, 2018: Urban Informality and Planning: Challenges to Mainstreaming Resilience in Indian Cities. In: ''Resilience-Oriented Urban Planning: Theoretical and Empirical Insights'' [Yamagata, Y. and A. Sharifi, (eds.)]. ''Lecture Notes in Energy'' , Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 49–66.

<div id="Patterson--2021"></div>

Patterson, J.J., 2021: More than planning: Diversity and drivers of institutional adaptation under climate change in 96 major cities. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''68''' , 102279, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102279.

<div id="Pedro--2018"></div>

Pedro, J., C. Silva, and M.D. Pinheiro, 2018: Scaling up LEED-ND sustainability assessment from the neighborhood towards the city scale with the support of GIS modeling: Lisbon case study. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''41''' , 929–939, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.09.015.

<div id="Peng--2018"></div>

Peng, W., J. Yang, X. Lu, and D.L. Mauzerall, 2018: Potential co-benefits of electrification for air quality, health, and CO 2 mitigation in 2030 China. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''218''' , 511–519, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.048.

<div id="Peng--2018"></div>

Peng, Y. and X. Bai, 2018: Experimenting towards a low-carbon city: Policy evolution and nested structure of innovation. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''174''' , 201–212, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.10.116.

<div id="Peng--2020"></div>

Peng, Y. and X. Bai, 2020: Financing urban low-carbon transition: The catalytic role of a city-level special fund in Shanghai. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''282''' , 124514, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124514.

<div id="Perini--2017"></div>

Perini, K., F. Bazzocchi, L. Croci, A. Magliocco, and E. Cattaneo, 2017: The use of vertical greening systems to reduce the energy demand for air conditioning. Field monitoring in Mediterranean climate. ''Energy Build.'' , '''143''' , 35–42, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.036.

<div id="Permadi--2017"></div>

Permadi, D.A., N.T. Kim Oanh, and R. Vautard, 2017: Assessment of co-benefits of black carbon emission reduction measures in Southeast Asia: Part 2 emission scenarios for 2030 and co-benefits on mitigation of air pollution and climate forcing. ''Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.'' , 1–21, doi:10.5194/acp-2017-316.

<div id="Persson--2019"></div>

Persson, U., E. Wiechers, B. Möller, and S. Werner, 2019: Heat Roadmap Europe: Heat distribution costs. ''Energy'' , '''176''' , 604–622, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.189.

<div id="Pesaresi--2016"></div>

Pesaresi, M., M. Melchiorri, A. Siragusa, and T. Kemper, 2016: ''Atlas of the Human Planet 2016 - Mapping Human Presence on Earth with the Global Human Settlement Layer, EUR 28116 EN'' . European Union (EU), Luxembourg, 137 pp.

<div id="Petit-Boix--2018"></div>

Petit-Boix, A., and D. Apul, 2018: From Cascade to Bottom-Up Ecosystem Services Model: How Does Social Cohesion Emerge from Urban Agriculture? ''Sustainability'' , '''10(4)''' , 998, doi:10.3390/su10040998.

<div id="Pfeifer--2021"></div>

Pfeifer, A., L. Herc, I. Batas Bjelić, and N. Duić, 2021: Flexibility index and decreasing the costs in energy systems with high share of renewable energy. ''Energy Convers. Manag.'' , '''240''' , 114258, doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114258.

<div id="Pichler--2017"></div>

Pichler, P.-P. et al., 2017: Reducing Urban Greenhouse Gas Footprints. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''7''' , 14659, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15303-x.

<div id="Pierer--2019"></div>

Pierer, C. and F. Creutzig, 2019: Star-shaped cities alleviate trade-off between climate change mitigation and adaptation. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''14''' , 085011, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab2081.

<div id="Pinho--2019"></div>

Pinho, P. and R. Fernandes, 2019: Urban metabolic impact assessment From concept to practice. In: ''The Routledge Companion to Environmental Planning'' [Davoudi, S., R. Cowell, I. White, and H. Blanco, (eds.)]. Routledge, London, UK, pp. 358–371.

<div id="Pomponi--2020"></div>

Pomponi, F., J. Hart, J.H. Arehart, B. D’Amico, and B. D’Amico, 2020: Buildings as a Global Carbon Sink? A Reality Check on Feasibility Limits. ''One Earth'' , '''3(2)''' , 157–161, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.07.018.

<div id="Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability--2012"></div>

[[#Portland%20Bureau%20of%20Planning%20and%20Sustainability--2012|Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability, 2012]] : ''The Portland Plan'' . Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability (BPS), Portland, OR, USA, 164 pp. [https://www.portlandonline.com/portlandplan/index.cfm?c=58776 https:// www.portlandonline.com/ portlandplan/index.cfm?c=58776] (Accessed October 27, 2021).

<div id="Pörtner--2021"></div>

Pörtner, H.O. et al., 2021: ''IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop report on biodiversity and climate change'' . Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Bonn, Germany, 28 pp.

<div id="Potdar--2016"></div>

Potdar, A. et al., 2016: Innovation in solid waste management through Clean Development Mechanism in India and other countries. ''Process Saf. Environ. Prot.'' , '''101''' , 160–169, doi:10.1016/j.psep.2015.07.009.

<div id="Pour--2020"></div>

Pour, S.H., A.K.A. Wahab, S. Shahid, M. Asaduzzaman, and A. Dewan, 2020: Low impact development techniques to mitigate the impacts of climate-change-induced urban floods: Current trends, issues and challenges. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''62''' , 102373, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102373.

<div id="Pouyat--2002"></div>

Pouyat, R., P. Groffman, I. Yesilonis, and L. Hernandez, 2002: Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystems. ''Environ. Pollut.'' , '''116(sup1)''' , S107–S118, doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00263-9.

<div id="Pouyat--2007"></div>

Pouyat, R.V. et al., 2007: Effects of Urban Land-Use Change on Biogeochemical Cycles. In: ''Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World — The IGBP Series'' [Canadell, J.G., D.E. Pataki, and L.F. Pitelka, (eds.)]. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 45–58.

<div id="Pozoukidou--2021"></div>

Pozoukidou, G., and Z. Chatziyiannaki, 2021: 15-Minute City: Decomposing the New Urban Planning Eutopia. ''Sustainability'' , '''13(2)''' , 928, doi:10.3390/su13020928.

<div id="Pregitzer--2019a"></div>

Pregitzer, C.C. et al., 2019a: Defining and assessing urban forests to inform management and policy. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''14(8)''' , 085002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab2552.

<div id="Pregitzer--2019b"></div>

Pregitzer, C.C. et al., 2019b: A cityscale assessment reveals that native forest types and overstory species dominate New York City forests. ''Ecol. Appl.'' , '''29(1)''' , e01819, doi:10.1002/eap.1819.

<div id="Pregitzer--2021"></div>

Pregitzer, C.C., C. Hanna, S. Charlop-Powers, and M.A. Bradford, 2021: Estimating carbon storage in urban forests of New York City. ''Urban Ecosyst.'' , 1–15, doi:10.1007/S11252-021-01173-9.

<div id="Prendeville--2018"></div>

Prendeville, S., E. Cherim, and N. Bocken, 2018: Circular Cities: Mapping Six Cities in Transition. ''Environ. Innov. Soc. Transitions'' , '''26''' , 171–194, doi:10.1016/j.eist.2017.03.002.

<div id="Prieur-Richard--2018"></div>

Prieur-Richard, A.-H. et al., 2018: Global Research and Action Agenda on Cities and Climate Change Science Urban Crosscutting Cities and Action Integrate Communicate. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 8 pp. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/07/Research-Agenda-Aug-10_Final_Short-version.pdf https:// www.ipcc.ch/ site/assets/uploads/2019/07/Research-Agenda-Aug-10_Final_Sho rt-version.pdf] (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="Prior--2018"></div>

Prior, J. et al., 2018: Built environment interventions for human and planetary health: integrating health in climate change adaptation and mitigation. ''Public Heal. Res. Pract.'' , '''28(4)''' , e2841831, doi:10.17061/phrp2841831.

<div id="Privitera--2018"></div>

Privitera, R. and D. La Rosa, 2018: Reducing Seismic Vulnerability and Energy Demand of Cities through Green Infrastructure. ''Sustainability'' , '''10(8)''' , 2591, doi:10.3390/su10082591.

<div id="Privitera--2018"></div>

Privitera, R., V. Palermo, F. Martinico, A. Fichera, and D. La Rosa, 2018: Towards lower carbon cities: urban morphology contribution in climate change adaptation strategies. ''Eur. Plan. Stud.'' , '''26(4)''' , 812–837, doi:10.1080/09654313.2018.1426735.

<div id="Priya Uteng--2019"></div>

Priya Uteng, T., and J. Turner, 2019: Addressing the Linkages between Gender and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. ''Sustainability'' , '''11(17)''' , 4555, doi:10.3390/su11174555.

<div id="Pukšec--2018"></div>

Pukšec, T., P. Leahy, A. Foley, N. Markovska, and N. Duić, 2018: Sustainable development of energy, water and environment systems 2016. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''82''' , 1685–1690, doi:10.1016/J.RSER.2017.10.057.

<div id="Pulselli--2021"></div>

Pulselli, R.M. et al., 2021: Future city visions. The energy transition towards carbon-neutrality: lessons learned from the case of Roeselare, Belgium. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''137''' , 110612, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110612.

<div id="Puppim de Oliveira--2016"></div>

Puppim de Oliveira, J.A. and C.N.H. Doll, 2016: Governance and networks for health co-benefits of climate change mitigation: Lessons from two Indian cities. ''Environ. Int.'' , '''97''' , 146–154, doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.020.

<div id="Qin--2013"></div>

Qin, H.-P., Li, Z.X., and Fu, G., 2013: The effects of low impact development on urban flooding under different rainfall characteristics. ''J. Environ. Manage.'' , '''129''' , 577–585, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.026.

<div id="Qiu--2021"></div>

Qiu, Y. et al., 2021: Space variability impacts on hydrological responses of nature-based solutions and the resulting uncertainty: a case study of Guyancourt (France). ''Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.'' , '''25(6)''' , 3137–3162, doi:10.5194/hess-25-3137-2021.

<div id="Quaranta--2021"></div>

Quaranta, E., C. Dorati, and A. Pistocchi, 2021: Water, energy and climate benefits of urban greening throughout Europe under different climatic scenarios. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''11''' , 12163, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88141-7.

<div id="Queiroz--2017"></div>

Queiroz, A., F.T. Najafi, and P. Hanrahan, 2017: Implementation and Results of Solar Feed-In-Tariff in Gainesville, Florida. ''J. Energy Eng.'' , '''143(1)''' , 05016005, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000373.

<div id="Quesada--2018"></div>

Quesada, B., A. Arneth, E. Robertson, and N. De Noblet-Ducoudré, 2018: Potential strong contribution of future anthropogenic land-use and land-cover change to the terrestrial carbon cycle. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''13''' '''(6)''' , 064023, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac4c3.

<div id="Qureshi--2015"></div>

Qureshi, Z., 2015: ''The Role of Public Policy in Sustainable Infrastructure'' . The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, USA, 19–23 pp. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/public-policy-sustainable-infrastructure-qureshi-1.pdf (Accessed March 30, 2021).

<div id="Raciti--2012"></div>

Raciti, S.M., L.R. Hutyra, P. Rao, and A.C. Finzi, 2012: Inconsistent definitions of “urban” result in different conclusions about the size of urban carbon and nitrogen stocks. ''Ecol. Appl.'' , '''22(3)''' , 1015–1035, doi:10.1890/11-1250.1.

<div id="Radomes Jr--2015"></div>

Radomes Jr, A.A., and S. Arango, 2015: Renewable energy technology diffusion: an analysis of photovoltaic-system support schemes in Medellín, Colombia. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''92''' , 152–161, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.090.

<div id="Ramage--2017"></div>

Ramage, M.H. et al., 2017: The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''68''' , 333–359, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.107.

<div id="Ramaswami--2020"></div>

Ramaswami, A., 2020: Unpacking the Urban Infrastructure Nexus with Environment, Health, Livability, Well-Being, and Equity. ''One Earth'' , '''2''' '''(2)''' , 120–124, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.003.

<div id="Ramaswami--2013"></div>

Ramaswami, A., and A. Chavez, 2013: What metrics best reflect the energy and carbon intensity of cities? Insights from theory and modeling of 20 US cities. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''8(3)''' , 35011, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035011.

<div id="Ramaswami--2008"></div>

Ramaswami, A., T. Hillman, B. Janson, M. Reiner, and G. Thomas, 2008: A Demand-Centered, Hybrid Life-Cycle Methodology for City-Scale Greenhouse Gas Inventories. ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''42(17)''' , 6455–6461, doi:10.1021/es702992q.

<div id="Ramaswami--2016"></div>

Ramaswami, A. et al., 2016: Meta-principles for developing smart, sustainable, and healthy cities. ''Science'' , '''352(6288)''' , 940–943, doi:10.1126/science.aaf7160.

<div id="Ramaswami--2017a"></div>

Ramaswami, A. et al., 2017a: Urban cross-sector actions for carbon mitigation with local health co-benefits in China. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''7''' '''(10)''' , 736–742, doi:10.1038/nclimate3373.

<div id="Ramaswami--2017b"></div>

Ramaswami, A. et al., 2017b: An urban systems framework to assess the trans-boundary food-energy-water nexus: implementation in Delhi, India. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''12(2)''' , 025008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa5556.

<div id="Ramaswami--2021"></div>

Ramaswami, A. et al., 2021: Carbon analytics for net-zero emissions sustainable cities. ''Nat. Sustain.'' , '''4(6)''' , 460–463, doi:10.1038/s41893-021-00715-5.

<div id="Ranieri--2018"></div>

Ranieri, L., G. Mossa, R. Pellegrino, and S. Digiesi, 2018: Energy Recovery from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: A Real Options-Based Facility Assessment. ''Sustainability'' , '''10(2)''' , 368, doi:10.3390/su10020368.

<div id="Raven--2018"></div>

Raven, J. et al., 2018: Urban Planning and Urban Design. In: ''Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network'' [Rosenzweig, C., W.D. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, and S.A. Ibrahim, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 139–172.

<div id="Ravetz--2020"></div>

Ravetz, J., A. Neuvonen, and R. Mäntysalo, 2020: The new normative: synergistic scenario planning for carbon-neutral cities and regions. ''Reg. Stud.'' , '''55(1)''' , 150–163, doi:10.1080/00343404.2020.1813881.

<div id="Raymond--2017"></div>

Raymond, C.M. et al., 2017: A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''77''' , 15–24, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.008.

<div id="Reckien--2017"></div>

Reckien, D. et al., 2017: Climate change, equity and the Sustainable Development Goals: an urban perspective. ''Environ. Urban.'' , '''29(1)''' , 159–182, doi:10.1177/0956247816677778.

<div id="Reckien--2018"></div>

Reckien, D. et al., 2018: How are cities planning to respond to climate change? Assessment of local climate plans from 885 cities in the EU-28. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''191''' , 207–219, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.220.

<div id="Rees--1997"></div>

Rees, W., 1997: Urban ecosystems: the human dimension. ''Urban Ecosyst.'' , '''1''' , 63–75, doi:10.1023/A:1014380105620.

<div id="Reinmann--2020"></div>

Reinmann, A.B., I.A. Smith, J.R. Thompson, and L.R. Hutyra, 2020: Urbanization and fragmentation mediate temperate forest carbon cycle response to climate. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''15(11)''' , 114036, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abbf16.

<div id="REN21--2019"></div>

[[#REN21--2019|REN21, 2019]] : ''Renewables in Cities: 2019 Global Status Report'' . REN21 Secretariat, Paris, France, 174 pp. https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/REC-2019-GSR_Full_Report_web.pdf (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="REN21--2020"></div>

[[#REN21--2020|REN21, 2020]] : ''Renewables 2020 Global Status Report'' . REN21 Secretariat, Paris, France, 367 pp. [https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf https:// www.ren21.net/ wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf] (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="REN21--2021"></div>

[[#REN21--2021|REN21, 2021]] : ''Renewables in Cities 2021 Global Status Report'' . REN21 Secretariat, Paris, France, 202 pp. https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/REC_2021_full-report_en.pdf (Accessed October 31, 2021).

<div id="Reyna--2015"></div>

Reyna, J.L. and M. V Chester, 2015: The Growth of Urban Building Stock: Unintended Lock-in and Embedded Environmental Effects. ''J. Ind. Ecol.'' , '''19(4)''' , 524–537, doi:10.1111/jiec.12211.

<div id="Riahi--2017"></div>

Riahi, K. et al., 2017: The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''42''' , 153–168, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009.

<div id="Ribeiro--2019"></div>

Ribeiro, H. V, D. Rybski, and J.P. Kropp, 2019: Effects of changing population or density on urban carbon dioxide emissions. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''10''' , 3204, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11184-y.

<div id="Rigolon--2018"></div>

Rigolon, A., M. Browning, K. Lee, and S. Shin, 2018: Access to Urban Green Space in Cities of the Global South: A Systematic Literature Review. ''Urban Sci.'' , '''2(3)''' , 67, doi:10.3390/urbansci2030067.

<div id="Rocha--2017"></div>

Rocha, L.C.S. et al., 2017: Photovoltaic electricity production in Brazil: A stochastic economic viability analysis for small systems in the face of net metering and tax incentives. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''168''' , 1448–1462, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.018.

<div id="Rode--2017"></div>

Rode, D.C., P.S. Fischbeck, and A.R. Páez, 2017: The retirement cliff: Power plant lives and their policy implications. ''Energy Policy'' , '''106''' , 222–232, doi:10.1016/J.ENPOL.2017.03.058.

<div id="Rodrigues--2019"></div>

Rodrigues, C.U., 2019: Climate change and DIY urbanism in Luanda and Maputo: new urban strategies? ''Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev.'' , '''11(3)''' , 319–331, doi:10.1080/19463138.2019.1585859.

<div id="Roelfsema--2017"></div>

Roelfsema, M., 2017: ''Assessment of US City Reduction Commitments, from a Country Perspective'' . PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands, 26 pp. [https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2017-assessment-of-us-city-reduction-commitments-from-a-country-perspective-1993.pdf https:// www.pbl.nl/ sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2017-assessment-of-us-city-reduction-commitments-from-a-country-perspective-1993.pdf] (Accessed January 7, 2021).

<div id="Rogelj--2018"></div>

Rogelj, J. et al., 2018: Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1.5°C. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''8(4)''' , 325–332, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3.

<div id="Roger--2017"></div>

Roger, C., T. Hale, and L. Andonova, 2017: The Comparative Politics of Transnational Climate Governance. ''Int. Interact.'' , '''43(1)''' , 1–25, doi:10.1080/03050629.2017.1252248.

<div id="Roldán-Fontana--2017"></div>

Roldán-Fontana, J., R. Pacheco-Torres, E. Jadraque-Gago, and J. Ordóñez, 2017: Optimization of CO 2 emissions in the design phases of urban planning, based on geometric characteristics: a case study of a low-density urban area in Spain. ''Sustain. Sci.'' , '''12''' , 65–85, doi:10.1007/s11625-015-0342-4.

<div id="Roppongi--2017"></div>

Roppongi, H., A. Suwa, and J.A. Puppim De Oliveira, 2017: Innovating in sub-national climate policy: the mandatory emissions reduction scheme in Tokyo. ''Clim. Policy'' , '''17(4)''' , 516–532, doi:10.1080/14693062.2015.1124749.

<div id="Rosenzweig--2018"></div>

Rosenzweig, C. et al., 2018: ''Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network'' . [Rosenzweig, C., W. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, and S.A. Ibrahim, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA, 311 pp.

<div id="Roy--2009"></div>

Roy, A., 2009: Why India Cannot Plan Its Cities: Informality, Insurgence and the Idiom of Urbanization. ''Plan. Theory'' , '''8(1)''' , 76–87, doi:10.1177/1473095208099299.

<div id="Rueda--2019"></div>

Rueda, S., 2019: Superblocks for the Design of New Cities and Renovation of Existing Ones: Barcelona’s Case. In: ''Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning'' [Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. and H. Khreis, (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 135–153.

<div id="Saha--2017"></div>

Saha, D. and S. D’Almeida, 2017: Green municipal bonds. In: ''Finance for City Leaders, 2nd Edition'' [Kamiya, M. and L.-Y. Zhang, (eds.)]. UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 98–118.

<div id="Salat--2014"></div>

Salat, S., M. Chen, and F.L. Liu, 2014: ''Planning Energy Efficient and Livable Cities: Energy Efficient Cities: Mayoral Guidance Note #6'' . Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 30 pp. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Planning-energy-efficient-and-livable-cities-%3A-Salat-Chen/475a01c0bf911db4a435c1a2a37dabf53ff98f1d https:// www.semanticscholar.org/ paper/Planning-energy-efficient-and-livable-cities-%3A-Salat-Chen/475a01c0bf911db4a435c1a2a37dabf53ff98f1d] (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="Salat--2017"></div>

Salat, S., L. Bourdic, and M. Kamiya, 2017: ''Economic Foundations for Sustainable Urbanization: A Study on Three-Pronged Approach: Planned City Extensions, Legal Framework, and Municipal Finance'' . UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya, 136 pp. https://unhabitat.org/economic-foundations-for-sustainable-urbanization-a-study-on-three-pronged-approach-planned-city (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="Salpakari--2016"></div>

Salpakari, J., J. Mikkola, and P.D. Lund, 2016: Improved flexibility with large-scale variable renewable power in cities through optimal demand side management and power-to-heat conversion. ''Energy Convers. Manag.'' , '''126''' , 649–661, doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.041.

<div id="Salvia--2021"></div>

Salvia, M. et al., 2021: Will climate mitigation ambitions lead to carbon neutrality? An analysis of the local-level plans of 327 cities in the EU. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev'' ''.'' , '''135''' , 110253.

<div id="Sanchez Rodriguez--2018"></div>

Sanchez Rodriguez, R., D. Ürge-Vorsatz, and A.S. Barau, 2018: Sustainable Development Goals and climate change adaptation in cities. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''8(3)''' , 181–183, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0098-9.

<div id="Sargent--2018"></div>

Sargent, M. et al., 2018: Anthropogenic and biogenic CO 2 fluxes in the Boston urban region. ''Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.'' , '''115(29)''' , 7491–7496, doi:10.1073/pnas.1803715115.

<div id="Saujot--2016"></div>

Saujot, M. and B. Lefèvre, 2016: The next generation of urban MACCs. Reassessing the cost-effectiveness of urban mitigation options by integrating a systemic approach and social costs. ''Energy Policy'' , '''92''' , 124–138, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.029.

<div id="Scholvin--2019"></div>

Scholvin, S., M. Breul, and J. Revilla Diez, 2019: Revisiting gateway cities: connecting hubs in global networks to their hinterlands. ''Urban Geog.'' , '''40(9)''' , 1291–1309, doi:10.1080/02723638.2019.1585137.

<div id="Scholz--2018"></div>

Scholz, T., A. Hof, and T. Schmitt, 2018: Cooling Effects and Regulating Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Trees—Novel Analysis Approaches Using Urban Tree Cadastre Data. ''Sustainability'' , '''10(3)''' , 712, doi:10.3390/su10030712.

<div id="Seo--2018"></div>

Seo, S., G. Foliente, and Z. Ren, 2018: Energy and GHG reductions considering embodied impacts of retrofitting existing dwelling stock in Greater Melbourne. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''170''' , 1288–1304, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.206.

<div id="Sethi--2018"></div>

Sethi, M. and J.A. Puppim de Oliveira, 2018: Cities and Climate Co-benefits. In: ''Mainstreaming Climate Co-Benefits in Indian Cities'' [Sethi, M. and J.A. Puppim de Oliveira, (eds.)]. Springer, Singapore, Singapore, pp. 3–45.

<div id="Sethi--2020"></div>

Sethi, M., W. Lamb, J. Minx, and F. Creutzig, 2020: Climate change mitigation in cities: a systematic scoping of case studies. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''15(9)''' , 093008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab99ff.

<div id="Seto K.C.--2014"></div>

Seto K.C., S. Dhakal, A. Bigio, H. Blanco, G.C. Delgado, D. Dewar, L. Huang, A. Inaba, A. Kansal, S. Lwasa, J.E. McMahon, D.B. Müller, J. Murakami, H. Nagendra, and A. Ramaswami, 2014: Human Settlements, Infrastructure, and Spatial Planning. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 923–1000.

<div id="Seto--2016"></div>

Seto, K.C. et al., 2016: Carbon Lock-In: Types, Causes, and Policy Implications. ''Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.'' , '''41''' , 425–452, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085934.

<div id="Seto--2021"></div>

Seto, K.C. et al., 2021: From Low- to Net-Zero Carbon Cities: The Next Global Agenda. ''Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.'' , '''46''' , 377–415, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-050120-113117.

<div id="Shakya--2016"></div>

Shakya, S.R., 2016: Benefits of Low Carbon Development Strategies in Emerging Cities of Developing Country: a Case of Kathmandu. ''J. Sustain. Dev. Energy, Water Environ. Syst.'' , '''4(2)''' , 141–160, doi:10.13044/j.sdewes.2016.04.0012.

<div id="Shannon--2018"></div>

Shannon, H. et al., 2018: Web Annex A: report of the systematic review on the effect of household crowding on health. In: ''WHO Housing and health guidelines'' . World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland, 105 pp.

<div id="Sharifi--2019"></div>

Sharifi, A., 2019: Resilient urban forms: A review of literature on streets and street networks. ''Build. Environ.'' , '''147''' , 171–187, doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.09.040.

<div id="Sharifi--2020"></div>

Sharifi, A., 2020: Trade-offs and conflicts between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''276(10)''' , 122813, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122813.

<div id="Sharifi--2021"></div>

Sharifi, A., 2021: Co-benefits and synergies between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''750''' , 141642, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141642.

<div id="Sharifi--2020"></div>

Sharifi, A. and A.R. Khavarian-Garmsir, 2020: The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''749''' , 142391, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391.

<div id="Sharifi--2017"></div>

Sharifi, A. et al., 2017: Conceptualizing Dimensions and Characteristics of Urban Resilience: Insights from a Co-Design Process. ''Sustainability'' , '''9(6)''' , 1032, doi:10.3390/su9061032.

<div id="Sharifi--2021"></div>

Sharifi, A., M. Pathak, C. Joshi, and B.-J. He, 2021: A systematic review of the health co-benefits of urban climate change adaptation. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''74''' , 103190, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103190.

<div id="Sharma--2018"></div>

Sharma, A. et al., 2018: Role of green roofs in reducing heat stress in vulnerable urban communities—a multidisciplinary approach. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''13(9)''' , 094011, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aad93c.

<div id="Sharma--2018"></div>

Sharma, R., 2018: Financing Indian urban rail through land development: Case studies and implications for the accelerated reduction in oil associated with 1.5°C. ''Urban Plan.'' , '''3(2)''' , 21–34, doi:10.17645/up.v3i2.1158.

<div id="Sharp--2017"></div>

Sharp, D. and R. Salter, 2017: Direct Impacts of an Urban Living Lab from the Participants’ Perspective: Livewell Yarra. ''Sustainability'' , '''9(10)''' , 1699, doi:10.3390/su9101699.

<div id="Shen--2018"></div>

Shen, L. et al., 2018: Analysis on the evolution of low carbon city from process characteristic perspective. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''187''' , 348–360, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.190.

<div id="Shen--2019"></div>

Shen, X., X. Wang, Z. Zhang, Z. Lu, and T. Lv, 2019: Evaluating the effectiveness of land use plans in containing urban expansion: An integrated view. ''Land use policy'' , '''80''' , 205–213, doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.10.001.

<div id="Shi--2016"></div>

Shi, L. et al., 2016: Roadmap towards justice in urban climate adaptation research. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''6(2)''' , 131–137, doi:10.1038/nclimate2841.

<div id="Shi--2017a"></div>

Shi, Y., Y.-X. Yun, C. Liu, and Y.-Q. Chu, 2017a: Carbon footprint of buildings in the urban agglomeration of central Liaoning, China. ''Chinese J. Appl. Ecol.'' , '''28(6)''' , 2040–2046, doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201706.007.

<div id="Shi--2017b"></div>

Shi, Z., J.A. Fonseca, and A. Schlueter, 2017b: A review of simulation-based urban form generation and optimization for energy-driven urban design. ''Build. Environ.'' , '''121''' , 119–129, doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.05.006.

<div id="Shi--2020"></div>

Shi, Z., S. Hsieh, J.A. Fonseca, and A. Schlueter, 2020: Street grids for efficient district cooling systems in high-density cities. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''60''' , 102224, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102224.

<div id="Shughrue--2020"></div>

Shughrue, C., B. Werner, and K.C. Seto, 2020: Global spread of local cyclone damages through urban trade networks. ''Nat. Sustain.'' , '''3(8)''' , 606–613, doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0523-8.

<div id="Silva--2016"></div>

Silva, C.M., M.G. Gomes, and M. Silva, 2016: Green roofs energy performance in Mediterranean climate. ''Energy Build.'' , '''116''' , 318–325, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.01.012.

<div id="Silva--2017"></div>

Silva, M., V. Oliveira, and V. Leal, 2017: Urban Form and Energy Demand. ''J. Plan. Lit.'' , '''32(4)''' , 346–365, doi:10.1177/0885412217706900.

<div id="Silveti--2019"></div>

Silveti, D., and K. Andersson, 2019: Challenges of governing off-grid “Productive” sanitation in peri-urban areas: Comparison of case studies in Bolivia and South Africa. ''Sustainability'' , '''11(12)''' , 3468, doi:10.3390/SU11123468.

<div id="Simon--2016"></div>

Simon, D. et al., 2016: Developing and testing the Urban Sustainable Development Goal’s targets and indicators – a five-city study. ''Environ. Urban.'' , '''28(1)''' , 49–63, doi:10.1177/0956247815619865.

<div id="Simpson--2019"></div>

Simpson, N.P., K.J. Simpson, C.D. Shearing, and L.R. Cirolia, 2019: Municipal finance and resilience lessons for urban infrastructure management: a case study from the Cape Town drought. ''Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev.'' , '''11(3)''' , 257–276, doi:10.1080/19463138.2019.1642203.

<div id="Simpson--2021"></div>

Simpson, N.P. et al., 2021: A framework for complex climate change risk assessment. ''One Earth'' , '''4(4)''' , 489–501, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.03.005.

<div id="Singh--2020"></div>

Singh, C., J. Ford, D. Ley, A. Bazaz, and A. Revi, 2020: Assessing the feasibility of adaptation options: methodological advancements and directions for climate adaptation research and practice. ''Clim. Change'' , '''162''' '''(2)''' , 255–277, doi:10.1007/s10584-020-02762-x.

<div id="Singh--2019"></div>

Singh, M., and L.G., 2019: Forecasting of GHG emission and linear pinch analysis of municipal solid waste for the city of Faridabad, India. ''Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff.'' , '''41(22)''' , 2704–2714, doi:10.1080/15567036.2019.1568642.

<div id="Sköld--2018"></div>

Sköld, B. et al., 2018: Household Preferences to Reduce Their Greenhouse Gas Footprint: A Comparative Study from Four European Cities. ''Sustainability'' , '''10(11)''' , 4044, doi:10.3390/su10114044.

<div id="Slorach--2020"></div>

Slorach, P.C., H.K. Jeswani, R. Cuéllar-Franca, and A. Azapagic, 2020: Environmental sustainability in the food-energy-water-health nexus: A new methodology and an application to food waste in a circular economy. ''Waste Manag.'' , '''113''' , 359–368, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.012.

<div id="Smith--2013"></div>

Smith, J.E., L.S. Heath, and C.M. Hoover, 2013: Carbon factors and models for forest carbon estimates for the 2005–2011 National Greenhouse Gas Inventories of the United States. ''For. Ecol. Manage.'' , '''307''' , 7–19, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.061.

<div id="Soares--2017"></div>

Soares, F.R., and G. Martins, 2017: Using Life Cycle Assessment to Compare Environmental Impacts of Different Waste to Energy Options for Sao Paulo’s Municipal Solid Waste. ''J. Solid Waste Technol. Manag.'' , '''43(1)''' , 36–46, doi:10.5276/JSWTM.2017.36.

<div id="Soilán--2018"></div>

Soilán, M., B. Riveiro, P. Liñares, and M. Padín-Beltrán, 2018: Automatic Parametrization and Shadow Analysis of Roofs in Urban Areas from ALS Point Clouds with Solar Energy Purposes. ''ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information'' , '''7(8)''' , 301, doi:10.3390/ijgi7080301.

<div id="Solecki--2015"></div>

Solecki, W. et al., 2015: A conceptual framework for an urban areas typology to integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation. ''Urban Clim.'' , '''14''' , 116–137, doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2015.07.001.

<div id="Sonter--2017"></div>

Sonter, L.J. et al., 2017: Mining drives extensive deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''8''' , 1013, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00557-w.

<div id="Sorkin--2018"></div>

Sorkin, M., 2018: Vertical Urbanism. In: ''Vertical Urbanism: Designing Compact Cities in China'' [Lin, Z. and J.L.S. Gámez, (eds.)]. Routledge, New York, NY, USA, pp. 73–82.

<div id="Sorknæs--2020"></div>

Sorknæs, P. et al., 2020: The benefits of 4th generation district heating in a 100% renewable energy system. ''Energy'' , '''213''' , 119030, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.119030.

<div id="Soukiazis--2020"></div>

Soukiazis, E., and S. Proença, 2020: The determinants of waste generation and recycling performance across the Portuguese municipalities – A simultaneous equation approach. ''Waste Manag.'' , '''114''' , 321–330, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.039.

<div id="Sovacool--2010"></div>

Sovacool, B.K., and M.A. Brown, 2010: Twelve metropolitan carbon footprints: A preliminary comparative global assessment. ''Energy Policy'' , '''38(9)''' , 4856–4869, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.001.

<div id="Sovacool--2020"></div>

Sovacool, B.K. et al., 2020: Sustainable minerals and metals for a low-carbon future. ''Science'' , '''367(6473)''' , 30–33, doi:10.1126/science.aaz6003.

<div id="Srishantha--2017"></div>

Srishantha, U., and U. Rathnayake, 2017: Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) – What it is and where do we stand today? ''Eng. Appl. Sci. Res.'' , '''44(4)''' , 235–241, doi:10.14456/easr.2017.36.

<div id="State Government of Victoria--2021"></div>

[[#State%20Government%20of%20Victoria--2021|State Government of Victoria, 2021]] : 20-minute neighbourhoods. ''Plan'' ''Melbourne 2017–2050'' . https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/planning-for-melbourne/plan-melbourne/20-minute-neighbourhoods (Accessed October 25, 2021).

<div id="Stern--2016"></div>

Stern, P.C. et al., 2016: Opportunities and insights for reducing fossil fuel consumption by households and organizations. ''Nat. Energy'' , '''1''' , 16043, doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.43.

<div id="Stevens--2017"></div>

Stevens, M.R., 2017: Does Compact Development Make People Drive Less? ''J. Am. Plan. Assoc.'' , '''83(1)''' , 7–18, doi:10.1080/01944363.2016.1240044.

<div id="Stewart--2018"></div>

Stewart, I.D., C.A. Kennedy, A. Facchini, and R. Mele, 2018: The Electric City as a Solution to Sustainable Urban Development. ''J. Urban Technol.'' , '''25(1)''' , 3–20, doi:10.1080/10630732.2017.1386940.

<div id="Stier--2021"></div>

Stier, A.J., M.G. Berman, and L.M.A. Bettencourt, 2021: Early pandemic COVID-19 case growth rates increase with city size. ''npj Urban Sustain.'' , '''1''' , 31, doi:10.1038/s42949-021-00030-0.

<div id="Stocchero--2017"></div>

Stocchero, A., J.K. Seadon, R. Falshaw, and M. Edwards, 2017: Urban Equilibrium for sustainable cities and the contribution of timber buildings to balance urban carbon emissions: A New Zealand case study. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''143''' , 1001–1010, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.020.

<div id="Stokes--2019"></div>

Stokes, E.C. and K.C. Seto, 2019: Characterizing urban infrastructural transitions for the Sustainable Development Goals using multi-temporal land, population, and nighttime light data. ''Remote Sens. Environ.'' , '''234(11)''' , 111430, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111430.

<div id="Strano--2012"></div>

Strano, E., V. Nicosia, V. Latora, S. Porta, and M. Barthélemy, 2012: Elementary processes governing the evolution of road networks. ''Sci. Reports 2012 21'' , '''2''' , 296, doi:10.1038/srep00296.

<div id="Sudmant--2016"></div>

Sudmant, A., J. Millward-Hopkins, S. Colenbrander, and A. Gouldson, 2016: Low carbon cities: is ambitious action affordable? ''Clim. Change'' , '''138(''' '''3–4''' ''')''' , 681–688, doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1751-9.

<div id="Sudmant--2017"></div>

Sudmant, A. et al., 2017: Understanding the case for low-carbon investment through bottom-up assessments of city-scale opportunities. ''Clim. Policy'' , '''17(3)''' , 299–313, doi:10.1080/14693062.2015.1104498.

<div id="Sudmant--2018"></div>

Sudmant, A., A. Gouldson, J. Millward-Hopkins, K. Scott, and J. Barrett, 2018: Producer cities and consumer cities: Using production- and consumption-based carbon accounts to guide climate action in China, the UK, and the US. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''176''' , 654–662, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.139.

<div id="Sun--2018a"></div>

Sun, L., M. Fujii, T. Tasaki, H. Dong, and S. Ohnishi, 2018a: Improving waste to energy rate by promoting an integrated municipal solid-waste management system. ''Resour. Conserv. Recycl.'' , '''136''' , 289–296, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.05.005.

<div id="Sun--2018b"></div>

Sun, L. et al., 2018b: A completive research on the feasibility and adaptation of shared transportation in mega-cities – A case study in Beijing. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''230''' , 1014–1033, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.080.

<div id="Sung--2017"></div>

Sung, H., and C.G. Choi, 2017: The link between metropolitan planning and transit-oriented development: An examination of the Rosario Plan in 1980 for Seoul, South Korea. ''Land use policy'' , '''63''' , 514–522, doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.01.045.

<div id="Susca--2019"></div>

Susca, T., 2019: Green roofs to reduce building energy use? A review on key structural factors of green roofs and their effects on urban climate. ''Build. Environ.'' , '''162''' , 106273, doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106273.

<div id="Suzuki--2015"></div>

Suzuki, H., J. Murakami, Y.-H. Hong, and B. Tamayose, 2015: ''Financing Transit-Oriented Development with Land Values: Adapting Land Value Capture in Developing Countries'' . The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 30 pp.

<div id="Swilling--2018"></div>

Swilling, M. et al., 2018: ''The Weight of Cities: Resource Requirements of Future Urbanization'' . United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya, 280 pp. [https://www.resourcepanel.org/sites/default/files/documents/document/media/the_weight_of_cities_full_report_english.pdf https:// www.resourcepanel.org/ sites/default/files/documents/document/media/the_weight_of_cities_full_report_english.pdf] (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="Syed--2020"></div>

Syed, M.M., G.M. Morrison, and J. Darbyshire, 2020: Shared solar and battery storage configuration effectiveness for reducing the grid reliance of apartment complexes. ''Energies'' , '''13(18)''' , 4820, doi:10.3390/en13184820.

<div id="Tarigan--2018"></div>

Tarigan, A.K.M., and S. Sagala, 2018: The pursuit of greenness: explaining low-carbon urban transformation in Indonesia. ''Int. Plan. Stud.'' , '''23(4)''' , 408–426, doi:10.1080/13563475.2018.1513360.

<div id="Tarroja--2018"></div>

Tarroja, B. et al., 2018: Translating climate change and heating system electrification impacts on building energy use to future greenhouse gas emissions and electric grid capacity requirements in California. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''225''' , 522–534, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.003.

<div id="Tayarani--2018"></div>

Tayarani, M., A. Poorfakhraei, R. Nadafianshahamabadi, and G. Rowangould, 2018: Can regional transportation and land-use planning achieve deep reductions in GHG emissions from vehicles? ''Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ.'' , '''63''' , 222–235, doi:10.1016/j.trd.2018.05.010.

<div id="Taylor--1997"></div>

Taylor, P.J., 1997: Hierarchical tendencies amongst world cities: A global research proposal. ''Cities'' , '''14(6)''' , 323–332, doi:10.1016/s0264-2751(97)00023-1.

<div id="Teferi--2018"></div>

Teferi, Z.A., and P. Newman, 2018: Slum Upgrading: Can the 1.5°C Carbon Reduction Work with SDGs in these Settlements? ''Urban Plan.'' , '''3(2)''' , 52–63, doi:10.17645/up.v3i2.1239.

<div id="Tellman--2021"></div>

Tellman, B. et al., 2021: Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods. ''Nature'' , '''596''' , 80–86, doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03695-w.

<div id="Teske--2018"></div>

Teske, S., T. Pregger, S. Simon, and T. Naegler, 2018: High renewable energy penetration scenarios and their implications for urban energy and transport systems. ''Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.'' , '''30''' , 89–102, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.04.007.

<div id="Thacker--2019"></div>

Thacker, S. et al., 2019: Infrastructure for sustainable development. ''Nat. Sustain.'' , '''2(4)''' , 324–331, doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0256-8.

<div id="Thanopoulos--2020"></div>

Thanopoulos, S. et al., 2020: Analysis of Alternative MSW Treatment Technologies with the Aim of Energy Recovery in the Municipality of Vari-Voula-Vouliagmeni. ''Waste Biomass Valor.'' , '''11(4)''' , 1585–1601, doi:10.1007/s12649-018-0388-5.

<div id="Thellufsen--2020"></div>

Thellufsen, J.Z. et al., 2020: Smart energy cities in a 100% renewable energy context. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''129''' , 109922, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.109922.

<div id="Thomson--2018"></div>

Thomson, G. and P. Newman, 2018: Urban fabrics and urban metabolism – from sustainable to regenerative cities. ''Resour. Conserv. Recycl.'' , '''132''' , 218–229, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.010.

<div id="Tiefenbeck--2019"></div>

Tiefenbeck, V., A. Wörner, S. Schöb, E. Fleisch, and T. Staake, 2019: Real-time feedback promotes energy conservation in the absence of volunteer selection bias and monetary incentives. ''Nat. Energy'' , '''4''' , 35–41, doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0282-1.

<div id="Tomić--2020"></div>

Tomić, T. and D.R. Schneider, 2020: Circular economy in waste management – Socio-economic effect of changes in waste management system structure. ''J. Environ. Manage.'' , '''267''' , 110564, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110564.

<div id="Tong--2021"></div>

Tong, K., A.S. Nagpure, and A. Ramaswami, 2021: All urban areas’ energy use data across 640 districts in India for the year 2011. ''Sci. Data 2021 81'' , '''8''' , 104, doi:10.1038/s41597-021-00853-7.

<div id="Tong--2017"></div>

Tong, X., T. Wang, and W. Wang, 2017: Impact of Mixed Function Community on Distributed Photovoltaic Application. ''Yingyong Jichu yu Gongcheng Kexue Xuebao/Journal Basic Sci. Eng.'' , '''25(4)''' , 793–804, doi:10.16058/j.issn.1005-0930.2017.04.014.

<div id="Tongwane--2015"></div>

Tongwane, M., S. Piketh, L. Stevens, and T. Ramotubei, 2015: Greenhouse gas emissions from road transport in South Africa and Lesotho between 2000 and 2009. ''Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ.'' , '''37''' , 1–13, doi:10.1016/j.trd.2015.02.017.

<div id="Topi--2016"></div>

Topi, C., E. Esposto, and V. Marini Govigli, 2016: The economics of green transition strategies for cities: Can low carbon, energy efficient development approaches be adapted to demand side urban water efficiency? ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''58''' , 74–82, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2016.01.001.

<div id="Trundle--2020"></div>

Trundle, A., 2020: Resilient cities in a Sea of Islands: Informality and climate change in the South Pacific. ''Cities'' , '''97''' , 102496, doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.102496.

<div id="Tsavdaroglou--2018"></div>

Tsavdaroglou, M., S.H.S. Al-Jibouri, T. Bles, and J.I.M. Halman, 2018: Proposed methodology for risk analysis of interdependent critical infrastructures to extreme weather events. ''Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Prot.'' , '''21''' , 57–71, doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2018.04.002.

<div id="Tuomisto--2015"></div>

Tuomisto, J.T. et al., 2015: Building-related health impacts in European and Chinese cities: a scalable assessment method. ''Environ. Heal.'' , '''14''' , 93, doi:10.1186/s12940-015-0082-z.

<div id="Turnbull--2019"></div>

Turnbull, J.C. et al., 2019: Synthesis of Urban CO 2 Emission Estimates from Multiple Methods from the Indianapolis Flux Project (INFLUX). ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''53(1)''' , 287–295, doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b05552.

<div id="Turner--2020"></div>

Turner, A.J. et al., 2020: Observed Impacts of COVID-19 on Urban CO 2 Emissions. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' , '''47(22)''' , e2020GL090037, doi:10.1029/2020GL090037.

<div id="Tyfield--2014"></div>

Tyfield, D., 2014: Putting the Power in ‘Socio-Technical Regimes’ – E-Mobility Transition in China as Political Process.’ ''Mobilities'' , '''9(4)''' , 585–603, doi:10.1080/17450101.2014.961262.

<div id="UN DESA--2019"></div>

[[#UN%20DESA--2019|UN DESA, 2019]] : ''World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision'' . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) Population Division, New York, NY, USA, 126 pp. https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf (Accessed July 8, 2019).

<div id="UNEP--2019"></div>

[[#UNEP--2019|UNEP, 2019]] : ''Global Environment Outlook - GEO 6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People'' . Cambridge University Press, Nairobi, Kenya, 710 pp.

<div id="UNEP--2021"></div>

[[#UNEP--2021|UNEP, 2021]] : ''Emissions Gap Report 2021: The Heat Is On – A World of Climate Promises Not Yet Delivered – Executive Summary'' . United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya, 20 pp.

<div id="UNEP IRP--2020"></div>

[[#UNEP%20IRP--2020|UNEP IRP, 2020]] : ''Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future, A report of the International Resource Panel'' . International Resource Panel (IRP), Nairobi, Kenya, 157 pp. [https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/resource-efficiency-and-climate-change https:// www.resourcepanel.org/ reports/resource-efficiency-and-climate-change] (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="UNFCCC--2015"></div>

[[#UNFCCC--2015|UNFCCC, 2015]] : ''Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Twenty-First Session, Held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015 and Action Taken by the Conference of the Parties at its Twenty-First Session, (Paris Agreement)'' . United Nations General Assembly, Paris, France, 36 pp.

<div id="United Nations--2015"></div>

[[#United%20Nations--2015|United Nations, 2015]] : ''Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development, A/RES/70/1'' . United Nations General Assembly, New York, NY, USA, 35 pp. [https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E https:// www.un.org/ ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&amp;Lang=E] (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="United Nations--2017"></div>

[[#United%20Nations--2017|United Nations, 2017]] : ''New Urban Agenda, A/RES/71/256'' . Habitat III and United Nations, New York, NY, USA, 66 pp. http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf (Accessed March 28, 2021).

<div id="United Nations--2018"></div>

[[#United%20Nations--2018|United Nations, 2018]] : ''Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context, A/73/310/Rev.1'' . United Nations General Assembly, New York, NY, USA, 23 pp. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/report-special-rapporteur-adequate-housing-component-right-adequate-1 (Accessed November 2, 2021).

<div id="United Nations--2019"></div>

[[#United%20Nations--2019|United Nations, 2019]] : Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ''Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform'' . https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs (Accessed October 11, 2021).

<div id="Ürge-Vorsatz--2018"></div>

Ürge-Vorsatz, D. et al., 2018: Locking in positive climate responses in cities. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''8(3)''' , 174–177, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0100-6.

<div id="Ürge-Vorsatz--2020"></div>

Ürge-Vorsatz, D. et al., 2020: Advances Toward a Net-Zero Global Building Sector. ''Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.'' , '''45''' , 227–269, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-045843.

<div id="USGCRP--2018"></div>

[[#USGCRP--2018|USGCRP, 2018]] : ''Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR2): A Sustained Assessment Report'' . US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), Washington, DC, USA, 878 pp. [https://carbon2018.globalchange.gov/ https://carbon2018.global change.gov/] (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="Valek--2017"></div>

Valek, A.M., J. Sušnik, and S. Grafakos, 2017: Quantification of the urban water-energy nexus in México City, México, with an assessment of water-system related carbon emissions. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''590''' – '''591''' , 258–268, doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.02.234.

<div id="Valente de Macedo--2016"></div>

Valente de Macedo, L., J. Setzer, and F. Rei, 2016: Transnational Action Fostering Climate Protection in the City of São Paulo and Beyond. ''disP - Plan. Rev.'' , '''52(2)''' , 35–44, doi:10.1080/02513625.2016.1195582.

<div id="van de Ven--2018"></div>

van de Ven, D.J., M. González-Eguino, and I. Arto, 2018: The potential of behavioural change for climate change mitigation: a case study for the European Union. ''Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change'' , '''23(6)''' , 853–886, doi:10.1007/s11027-017-9763-y.

<div id="van den Bosch--2017"></div>

van den Bosch, M., and Å. Ode Sang, 2017: Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health – A systematic review of reviews. ''Environ. Res.'' , '''158''' , 373–384, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.040.

<div id="van der Heijden--2018"></div>

van der Heijden, J., 2018: City and subnational governance: high ambitions, innovative instruments and polycentric collaborations? In: ''Governing Climate Change: Polycentricity in Action?'' [Jordan, A., D. Huitema, H. Van Asselt, and J. Forster, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 81–96.

<div id="van der Heijden--2021"></div>

van der Heijden, J. and S.-H. Hong, 2021: Urban Climate Governance Experimentation in Seoul: Science, Politics, or a Little of Both? ''Urban Aff. Rev.'' , '''57(4)''' , 1115–1148, doi:10.1177/1078087420911207.

<div id="van der Zwaan--2018"></div>

van der Zwaan, B., T. Kober, F.D. Longa, A. van der Laan, and G. Jan Kramer, 2018: An integrated assessment of pathways for low-carbon development in Africa. ''Energy Policy'' , '''117''' , 387–395, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.017.

<div id="van Vliet--2019"></div>

van Vliet, J., 2019: Direct and indirect loss of natural area from urban expansion. ''Nat. Sustain.'' , '''2(8)''' , 755–763, doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0340-0.

<div id="van Vliet--2017"></div>

van Vliet, J., D.A. Eitelberg, and P.H. Verburg, 2017: A global analysis of land take in cropland areas and production displacement from urbanization. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''43''' , 107–115, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.02.001.

<div id="van Vuuren--2014"></div>

van Vuuren, D.P. et al., 2014: A new scenario framework for Climate Change Research: scenario matrix architecture. ''Clim. Change'' , '''122(3)''' , 373–386, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0906-1.

<div id="van Vuuren--2017a"></div>

van Vuuren, D.P. et al., 2017a: The Shared Socio-economic Pathways: Trajectories for human development and global environmental change. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''42''' , 148–152, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.10.009.

<div id="van Vuuren--2017b"></div>

van Vuuren, D.P. et al., 2017b: Energy, land-use and greenhouse gas emissions trajectories under a green growth paradigm. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''42''' , 237–250, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.008.

<div id="Vanham--2017"></div>

Vanham, D., B.M. Gawlik, and G. Bidoglio, 2017: Food consumption and related water resources in Nordic cities. ''Ecol. Indic.'' , '''74''' , 119–129, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.019.

<div id="Vedel--2017"></div>

Vedel, S.E., J.B. Jacobsen, and H. Skov-Petersen, 2017: Bicyclists’ preferences for route characteristics and crowding in Copenhagen – A choice experiment study of commuters. ''Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract.'' , '''100''' , 53–64, doi:10.1016/j.tra.2017.04.006.

<div id="Vedeld--2021"></div>

Vedeld, T., H. Hofstad, H. Solli, and G.S. Hanssen, 2021: Polycentric urban climate governance: Creating synergies between integrative and interactive governance in Oslo. ''Environ. Policy Gov.'' , '''31(4)''' , 347–360, doi:10.1002/eet.1935.

<div id="Venkatachary--2018"></div>

Venkatachary, S.K., J. Prasad, and R. Samikannu, 2018: Barriers to implementation of smart grids and virtual power plant in sub-saharan region—focus Botswana. ''Energy Reports'' , '''4''' , 119–128, doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2018.02.001.

<div id="Veuger--2017"></div>

Veuger, J., 2017: Attention to Disruption and Blockchain Creates a Viable Real Estate Economy. ''J. US-China Public Adm.'' , '''14(5)''' , 263–285, doi:10.17265/1548-6591/2017.05.003.

<div id="Viguié--2012"></div>

Viguié, V., and S. Hallegatte, 2012: Trade-offs and synergies in urban climate policies. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''2(5)''' , 334–337, doi:10.1038/nclimate1434.

<div id="Viguié--2020"></div>

Viguié, V. et al., 2020: Early adaptation to heat waves and future reduction of air-conditioning energy use in Paris. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''15(7)''' , 75006, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab6a24.

<div id="Votsis--2017"></div>

Votsis, A., 2017: Planning for green infrastructure: The spatial effects of parks, forests, and fields on Helsinki’s apartment prices. ''Ecol. Econ.'' , '''132''' , 279–289, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.09.029.

<div id="Vujcic--2017"></div>

Vujcic, M. et al., 2017: Nature based solution for improving mental health and well-being in urban areas. ''Environ. Res.'' , '''158''' , 385–392, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.030.

<div id="Wachs--2018"></div>

Wachs, L. and S. Singh, 2018: A modular bottom-up approach for constructing physical input–output tables (PIOTs) based on process engineering models. ''J. Econ. Struct.'' , '''7''' , 26, doi:10.1186/s40008-018-0123-1.

<div id="Waheed--2018"></div>

Waheed, R., D. Chang, S. Sarwar, and W. Chen, 2018: Forest, agriculture, renewable energy, and CO 2 emission. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''172''' , 4231–4238, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.287.

<div id="Walters--2017"></div>

Walters, L. and L.P. Gaunter, 2017: Sharing the Wealth: Private Land Value and Public Benefit. In: ''Finance for City Leaders'' [Kamiya, M. and L.-Y. Zhang, (eds.)]. 2nd ed. UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 192–215.

<div id="Wamsler--2016"></div>

Wamsler, C. and S. Pauleit, 2016: Making headway in climate policy mainstreaming and ecosystem-based adaptation: two pioneering countries, different pathways, one goal. ''Clim. Change'' , '''137(''' '''1–2''' ''')''' , 71–87, doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1660-y.

<div id="Wang--2017"></div>

Wang, M., M. Madden, and X. Liu, 2017: Exploring the Relationship between Urban Forms and CO 2 Emissions in 104 Chinese Cities. ''J. Urban Plan. Dev.'' , '''143(4)''' , 04017014, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000400.

<div id="Wang--2022"></div>

Wang, Q., X. Wang, and R. Li, 2022: Does urbanization redefine the environmental Kuznets curve? An empirical analysis of 134 Countries. ''Sustain. Cities Soc.'' , '''76''' , 103382, doi:10.1016/J.SCS.2021.103382.

<div id="Wang--2016"></div>

Wang, S. and B. Chen, 2016: Energy–water nexus of urban agglomeration based on multiregional input–output tables and ecological network analysis: A case study of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''178''' , 773–783, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.112.

<div id="Wang--2016"></div>

Wang, Y. et al., 2016: Does urbanization lead to more carbon emission? Evidence from a panel of BRICS countries. ''Appl. Energy'' , '''168''' , 375–380, doi:10.1016/J.APENERGY.2016.01.105.

<div id="Wappelhorst--2020"></div>

Wappelhorst, S., D. Hall, M. Nicholas, and N. Lutsey, 2020: ''Analyzing Policies to Grow the Electric Vehicle Market in European Cities'' . International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), Berlin, Germany, 43 pp. https://theicct.org/publications/electric-vehicle-policies-eu-cities (Accessed March 31, 2021).

<div id="Ward--2020"></div>

Ward, E.B., C.C. Pregitzer, S.E. Kuebbing, and M.A. Bradford, 2020: Invasive lianas are drivers of and passengers to altered soil nutrient availability in urban forests. ''Biol. Invasions'' , '''22(3)''' , 935–955, doi:10.1007/s10530-019-02134-2.

<div id="WCRP--2019"></div>

WCRP, 2019: ''Extended Version: Global Research and Action Agenda on Cities and Climate Change Science'' . [Prieur-Richard, A.-H. et al., (eds.)]. World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), Edmonton, Canada, 31 pp.

<div id="Webb--2018"></div>

Webb, R. et al., 2018: Sustainable urban systems: Co-design and framing for transformation. ''Ambio'' , '''47''' , 57–77, doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0934-6.

<div id="Wei--2021"></div>

Wei, T., J. Wu, and S. Chen, 2021: Keeping Track of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Progress and Targets in 167 Cities Worldwide. ''Front. Sustain. Cities'' , '''3''' , 64, doi:10.3389/frsc.2021.696381.

<div id="Weimann--2019"></div>

Weimann, A., and T. Oni, 2019: A Systematised Review of the Health Impact of Urban Informal Settlements and Implications for Upgrading Interventions in South Africa, a Rapidly Urbanising Middle-Income Country. ''Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health'' , '''16(19)''' , 3608, doi:10.3390/ijerph16193608.

<div id="Weng--2019"></div>

Weng, M. et al., 2019: The 15-minute walkable neighborhoods: Measurement, social inequalities and implications for building healthy communities in urban China. ''J. Transp. Heal.'' , '''13''' , 259–273, doi:10.1016/j.jth.2019.05.005.

<div id="Westman--2018"></div>

Westman, L., and V.C. Broto, 2018: Climate governance through partnerships: A study of 150 urban initiatives in China. ''Glob. Environ. Change'' , '''50''' , 212–221, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.04.008.

<div id="Westphal--2017"></div>

Westphal, M.I., S. Martin, L. Zhou, D. Satterthwaite, and S.M.R. Philanthropies, 2017: ''Powering Cities in the Global South: How Energy Access for All Benefits the Economy and the Environment'' . World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington, DC, USA, 55 pp. https://files.wri.org/s3fs-public/powering-cities-in-the-global-south.pdf (Accessed December 18, 2020).

<div id="Whetstone--2018"></div>

Whetstone, J.R., 2018: Advances in urban greenhouse gas flux quantification: The Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX). ''Elem Sci Anth'' , '''6''' , 24, doi:10.1525/elementa.282.

<div id="White--2019"></div>

White, R., and S. Wahba, 2019: Addressing constraints to private financing of urban (climate) infrastructure in developing countries. ''Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev.'' , '''11(3)''' , 245–256, doi:10.1080/19463138.2018.1559970.

<div id="Widerberg--2015"></div>

Widerberg, O., and P. Pattberg, 2015: International Cooperative Initiatives in Global Climate Governance: Raising the Ambition Level or Delegitimizing the UNFCCC? ''Glob. Policy'' , '''6(1)''' , 45–56, doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12184.

<div id="Wiedmann--2008"></div>

Wiedmann, T., and J. Minx, 2008: A Definition of ‘Carbon Footprint’. In: ''Ecological Economics Research Trends'' . Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY, USA, pp. 1–11.

<div id="Wiedmann--2021"></div>

Wiedmann, T. et al., 2021: Three-scope carbon emission inventories of global cities. ''J. Ind. Ecol.'' , '''25(3)''' , 735–750, doi:10.1111/jiec.13063.

<div id="Wiedmann--2016"></div>

Wiedmann, T.O., G. Chen, and J. Barrett, 2016: The Concept of City Carbon Maps: A Case Study of Melbourne, Australia. ''J. Ind. Ecol.'' , '''20(4)''' , 676–691, doi:10.1111/jiec.12346.

<div id="Wiktorowicz--2018"></div>

Wiktorowicz, J. et al., 2018: WGV: An Australian Urban Precinct Case Study to Demonstrate the 1.5°C Agenda Including Multiple SDGs. ''Urban Plan.'' , '''3(2)''' , 64–81, doi:10.17645/up.v3i2.1245.

<div id="Winbourne--2020"></div>

Winbourne, J.B. et al., 2020: Tree Transpiration and Urban Temperatures: Current Understanding, Implications, and Future Research Directions. ''Bioscience'' , '''70(7)''' , 576–588, doi:10.1093/biosci/biaa055.

<div id="WMO--2021"></div>

[[#WMO--2021|WMO, 2021]] : ''State of the Global Climate 2021: WMO Provisional Report'' . World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 47 pp. https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10859 (Accessed November 5, 2021).

<div id="Wolman--1965"></div>

Wolman, A., 1965: The Metabolism of Cities. ''Sci. Am.'' , '''213(3)''' , 178–190, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0965-178.

<div id="Wong--2021"></div>

Wong, N.H., C.L. Tan, D.D. Kolokotsa, and H. Takebayashi, 2021: Greenery as a mitigation and adaptation strategy to urban heat. ''Nat. Rev. Earth Environ.'' , '''2(3)''' , 166–181, doi:10.1038/s43017-020-00129-5.

<div id="Woodall--2013"></div>

Woodall, C.W. et al., 2013: Biomass and carbon attributes of downed woody materials in forests of the United States. ''For. Ecol. Manage.'' , '''305''' , 48–59, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.030.

<div id="World Bank--2013"></div>

World Bank, CIESIN, and Columbia University, 2013: Urban land area. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.UR.K2 (Accessed January 7, 2020).

<div id="Wu--2020a"></div>

Wu, D., J.C. Lin, T. Oda, and E.A. Kort, 2020a: Space-based quantification of per capita CO 2 emissions from cities. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''15(3)''' , 035004, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab68eb.

<div id="Wu--2021"></div>

Wu, H., L. Wang, Z. Zhang, and J. Gao, 2021: Analysis and optimization of 15-minute community life circle based on supply and demand matching: A case study of Shanghai. ''PLoS One'' , '''16(8)''' , e0256904, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256904.

<div id="Wu--2016"></div>

Wu, L. et al., 2016: What would dense atmospheric observation networks bring to the quantification of city CO 2 emissions? ''Atmos. Chem. Phys.'' , '''16(12)''' , 7743–7771, doi:10.5194/acp-16-7743-2016.

<div id="Wu--2018"></div>

Wu, Q., H. Ren, W. Gao, P. Weng, and J. Ren, 2018: Coupling optimization of urban spatial structure and neighborhood-scale distributed energy systems. ''Energy'' , '''144''' , 472–481, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.076.

<div id="Wu--2020b"></div>

Wu, X., R.C. Nethery, M.B. Sabath, D. Braun, and F. Dominici, 2020b: Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: Strengths and limitations of an ecological regression analysis. ''Sci. Adv.'' , '''6(45)''' , eabd4049, doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd4049.

<div id="Wynes--2018"></div>

Wynes, S., K.A. Nicholas, J. Zhao, and S.D. Donner, 2018: Measuring what works: quantifying greenhouse gas emission reductions of behavioural interventions to reduce driving, meat consumption, and household energy use. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''13(11)''' , 113002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aae5d7.

<div id="Xi--2016"></div>

Xi, F. et al., 2016: Substantial global carbon uptake by cement carbonation. ''Nat. Geosci.'' , '''9(12)''' , 880–883, doi:10.1038/ngeo2840.

<div id="Xu--2019"></div>

Xu, L. et al., 2019: Identifying the trade-offs between climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban land use planning: An empirical study in a coastal city. ''Environ. Int.'' , '''133''' , 105162, doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105162.

<div id="Xu--2018a"></div>

Xu, Q., Y. Dong, and R. Yang, 2018a: Urbanization impact on carbon emissions in the Pearl River Delta region: Kuznets curve relationships. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''180''' , 514–523, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.194.

<div id="Xu--2018b"></div>

Xu, Q., Y. Dong, and R. Yang, 2018b: Influence of the geographic proximity of city features on the spatial variation of urban carbon sinks: A case study on the Pearl River Delta. ''Environ. Pollut.'' , '''243''' , 354–363, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.083.

<div id="Xu--2018c"></div>

Xu, Q., X. Zheng, and C. Zhang, 2018c: Quantitative Analysis of the Determinants Influencing Urban Expansion: A Case Study in Beijing, China. ''Sustainability'' , '''10(5)''' , 1630, doi:10.3390/su10051630.

<div id="Xue--2017"></div>

Xue, Y. et al., 2017: Transport Emissions and Energy Consumption Impacts of Private Capital Investment in Public Transport. ''Sustainability'' , '''9(10)''' , 1760, doi:10.3390/su9101760.

<div id="Yadav--2021"></div>

Yadav, V. et al., 2021: The Impact of COVID‐19 on CO 2 Emissions in the Los Angeles and Washington DC/Baltimore Metropolitan Areas. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' , '''48''' '''(11)''' , e2021GL,;

<div id="Yamagata--2020"></div>

Yamagata, Y. et al., 2020: [[IPCC:Wg3:Chapter:Chapter-2|Chapter 2]] - Urban systems and the role of big data. In: ''Urban Systems Design: Creating Sustainable Smart Cities in the Internet of Things Era'' [Yamagata, Y. and P.P.J. Yang, (eds.)]. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 23–58.

<div id="Yang--2018"></div>

Yang, D., L. Xu, X. Gao, Q. Guo, and N. Huang, 2018: Inventories and reduction scenarios of urban waste-related greenhouse gas emissions for management potential. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''626''' , 727–736, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.110.

<div id="Yang--2018"></div>

Yang, X., and R. Li, 2018: Investigating low-carbon city: Empirical study of Shanghai. ''Sustainability'' , '''10(4)''' , 1054, doi:10.3390/su10041054.

<div id="Yazdanie--2021"></div>

Yazdanie, M., and K. Orehounig, 2021: Advancing urban energy system planning and modeling approaches: Gaps and solutions in perspective. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''137''' , 110607, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110607.

<div id="Yi--2017"></div>

Yi, Y., S. Ma, W. Guan, and K. Li, 2017: An empirical study on the relationship between urban spatial form and CO 2 in Chinese cities. ''Sustainability'' , '''9(4)''' , 672, doi:10.3390/su9040672.

<div id="Yu--2016"></div>

Yu, Y., and W. Zhang, 2016: Greenhouse gas emissions from solid waste in Beijing: The rising trend and the mitigation effects by management improvements. ''Waste Manag. Res.'' , '''34(4)''' , 368–377, doi:10.1177/0734242X16628982.

<div id="Zaman--2019"></div>

Zaman, A., and T. Ahsan, 2019: ''Zero-Waste: Reconsidering Waste Management for the Future'' . 1st ed. Routledge, London, UK, 234 pp.

<div id="Zaman--2013"></div>

Zaman, A., and S. Lehmann, 2013: The zero waste index: A performance measurement tool for waste management systems in a “zero waste city”. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''50''' , 123–132, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.041.

<div id="Zhai--2020"></div>

Zhai, Y. et al., 2020: Is energy the key to pursuing clean air and water at the city level? A case study of Jinan City, China. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''134''' , 110353, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110353.

<div id="Zhan--2018"></div>

Zhan, C., and M. de Jong, 2018: Financing eco cities and low carbon cities: The case of Shenzhen International Low Carbon City. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''180''' , 116–125, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.01.097.

<div id="Zhan--2018a"></div>

Zhan, C., M. de Jong, and H. de Bruijn, 2018a: Funding sustainable cities: A comparative study of Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City and Shenzhen International Low-Carbon City. ''Sustainability'' , '''10(11)''' , doi:10.3390/su10114256.

<div id="Zhan--2018b"></div>

Zhan, J., W. Liu, F. Wu, Z. Li, and C. Wang, 2018b: Life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of urban residential buildings in Guangzhou city. ''J. Clean. Prod.'' , '''194''' , 318–326, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.124.

<div id="Zhang--2020"></div>

Zhang, F., C.K.L. Chung, and Z. Yin, 2020: Green infrastructure for China’s new urbanisation: A case study of greenway development in Maanshan. ''Urban Stud.'' , '''57(3)''' , 508–524, doi:10.1177/0042098018822965.

<div id="Zhang--2019"></div>

Zhang, H., C. Wu, W. Chen, and G. Huang, 2019: Effect of urban expansion on summer rainfall in the Pearl River Delta, South China. ''J. Hydrol.'' , '''568''' , 747–757, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.11.036.

<div id="Zhang--2017"></div>

Zhang, J., and F. Li, 2017: Energy consumption and low carbon development strategies of three global cities in Asian developing countries. ''J. Renew. Sustain. Energy'' , '''9(2)''' , 021402, doi:10.1063/1.4978467.

<div id="Zhang--2017"></div>

Zhang, N., K. Yu, and Z. Chen, 2017: How does urbanization affect carbon dioxide emissions? A cross-country panel data analysis. ''Energy Policy'' , '''107''' , 678–687, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.072.

<div id="Zhang--2020"></div>

Zhang, R. and S. Fujimori, 2020: The role of transport electrification in global climate change mitigation scenarios. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''15(3)''' , 034019, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab6658.

<div id="Zhang--2018"></div>

Zhang, Y., X. Bai, F.P. Mills, and J.C.V.V. Pezzey, 2018: Rethinking the role of occupant behavior in building energy performance: A review. ''Energy Build.'' , '''172''' , 279–294, doi:10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2018.05.017.

<div id="Zhao--2017a"></div>

Zhao, G., J.M. Guerrero, K. Jiang, and S. Chen, 2017a: Energy modelling towards low carbon development of Beijing in 2030. ''Energy'' , '''121''' , 107–113, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.019.

<div id="Zhao--2017b"></div>

Zhao, S.X., N.S. Guo, C.L.K. Li, and C. Smith, 2017b: Megacities, the World’s Largest Cities Unleashed: Major Trends and Dynamics in Contemporary Global Urban Development. ''World Dev.'' , '''98''' , 257–289, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.038.

<div id="Zheng--2018"></div>

Zheng, B. et al., 2018: Infrastructure Shapes Differences in the Carbon Intensities of Chinese Cities. ''Environ. Sci. Technol.'' , '''52(10)''' , 6032–6041, doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b05654.

<div id="Zheng--2020"></div>

Zheng, B. et al., 2020: Satellite-based estimates of decline and rebound in China’s CO 2 emissions during COVID-19 pandemic. ''Sci. Adv.'' , '''6''' '''(49)''' , eabd4998, doi:10.1126/SCIADV.ABD4998.

<div id="Zheng--2021"></div>

Zheng, X., Y. Zou, A.W. Lounsbury, C. Wang, and R. Wang, 2021: Green roofs for stormwater runoff retention: A global quantitative synthesis of the performance. ''Resour. Conserv. Recycl.'' , '''170''' , 105577, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105577.

<div id="Zhou--2019"></div>

Zhou, C., S. Wang, and J. Wang, 2019: Examining the influences of urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions in the Yangtze River Delta, China: Kuznets curve relationship. ''Sci. Total Environ.'' , '''675''' , 472–482, doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.04.269.

<div id="Zscheischler--2018"></div>

Zscheischler, J. et al., 2018: Future climate risk from compound events. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''8(6)''' , 469–477, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3.

-----

<div id="footnote-008" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-008-backlink|1]] These estimates are based on consumption-based accounting, including both direct emissions from within urban areas, and indirect emissions from outside urban areas related to the production of electricity, goods, and services consumed in cities. Estimates include all CO 2 and CH 4 emission categories except for aviation and marine bunker fuels, land-use change, forestry, and agriculture. {8.1, Annex I: Glossary}

<div id="footnote-007" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-007-backlink|2]] These scenarios have been assessed by WGI to correspond to intermediate, high, and very low GHG emissions.

<div id="footnote-006" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-006-backlink|3]] These examples are considered to be a subset of nature-based solutions or ecosystem-based approaches.

<div id="footnote-005" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-005-backlink|4]] The countries and areas classification in the underlying report for this figure deviates from the standard classification scheme adopted by WGIII as set out in Annex II, Section 1.

<div id="footnote-004" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-004-backlink|5]] Figure adapted from Global Environmental Change , Vol 73, Gurney et al., Greenhouse gas emissions from global cities under SSP/RCP scenarios, 1990 to 2100, ©2022 with permission from Elsevier.

<div id="footnote-003" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-003-backlink|6]] These scenarios have been assessed by WGI to correspond to intermediate, high, and very low GHG emissions.

<div id="footnote-002" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-002-backlink|7]] The SSP1-RCP1.9 scenario is aligned with the C1 category of the Illustrative Mitigation Pathways (IMPs) that include IMP-LD, IMP-Ren and IMP-SP. Implications are provided in Table 8.3.

<div id="footnote-001" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-001-backlink|8]] Figure adapted from Global Environmental Change , Vol 73, Gurney et al., Greenhouse gas emissions from global cities under SSP/RCP scenarios, 1990 to 2100, ©2022 with permission from Elsevier.

<div id="footnote-000" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-000-backlink|9]] Figure adapted from Global Environmental Change , Vol 73, Gurney et al., Greenhouse gas emissions from global cities under SSP/RCP scenarios, 1990 to 2100, ©2022 with permission from Elsevier.