Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-9 (section)

==== 9.8.5.4 Energy Security ====

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GHG emission reduction actions in the sector of buildings affect energy systems by: (i) reducing the overall consumption of energy resources, especially fossil fuels; (ii) promoting the electrification of thermal energy uses; and (iii) enhancing distributed generation through the incorporation of RES and other clean and smart technologies in buildings. Increasing sufficiency, energy efficiency and penetration of RES result in improving the primary energy intensity of the economy and reducing dependence on fossil fuels, which for many countries are imported energy resources ( [[#Boermans--2015|Boermans et al. 2015]] ; [[#Markovska--2016|Markovska et al. 2016]] ; [[#Thema--2017|Thema et al. 2017]] ). The electrification of thermal energy uses is expected to increase the demand for electricity in buildings, which in most cases can be reversed (at national or regional level) by promoting nearly zero energy new buildings and a deep renovation of the existing building stock ( [[#Boermans--2015|Boermans et al. 2015]] ; [[#Couder--2017|Couder and Verbruggen 2017]] ). In addition, highly efficient buildings can keep the desired room temperature stable over a longer period and consequently they have the capability to shift heating and cooling operation in time ( [[#Boermans--2015|Boermans et al. 2015]] ). These result in reduced peak demand, lower system losses and avoided generation and grid infrastructure investments. As a significant proportion of the global population, particularly in rural and remote locations, still lack access to modern energy sources, renewables can be used to power distributed generation or micro-grid systems that enable peer-to-peer energy exchange, constituting a crucial component to improve energy security for rural populations ( [[#Leibrand--2019|Leibrand et al. 2019]] ; [[#Kirchhoff--2019|Kirchhoff and Strunz 2019]] ). For successful development of peer-to-peer micro-grids, financial incentives to asset owners are critical for ensuring their willingness to share their energy resources, while support measures should be adopted to ensure that also non-asset holders can contribute to investments in energy generation and storage equipment and have the ability to sell electricity to others ( [[#Kirchhoff--2019|Kirchhoff and Strunz 2019]] ).

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