Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-13 (section)

=== Box 13.1 | EU Climate Policy Portfolio and the European Green Deal ===

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The European Union (EU) [[#footnote-000|1]] has developed an encompassing climate governance framework ( [[#Kulovesi--2020|Kulovesi and Oberthür 2020]] ), having ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. In 2003 the EU adopted an Emissions Trading System for sectors with large GHG emitters, which started in 2005. From 2007 to 2009, the EU revised its climate policies, including for vehicle emissions, renewable energy and energy efficiency, and adopted targets for 2020 for GHG emissions reductions, renewable energy shares and energy efficiency improvements. It also adopted in 2009 an Effort Sharing Decision for Member States’ emissions reductions for the period 2013–2020 in sectors not covered by the ETS ( [[#Boasson--2013|Boasson and Wettestad 2013]] ; [[#Bertoldi--2018|Bertoldi 2018]] ). The ETS has been improved multiple times, including through a 2015 Market Stability Reserve to reduce the surplus of emission allowances ( [[#Chaton--2018|Chaton et al. 2018]] ; [[#Wettestad--2019|Wettestad and Jevnaker 2019]] ). In 2010, the European Commission created a directorate-general (equal to a ministry at the domestic level) for Climate Action. Between 2014 and 2018, the EU agreed on emission reduction targets for 2030 of 30% GHG emission reductions compared to 1990, and again revised its climate policy portfolio including new targets for renewable energies and energy efficiency and a new Effort Sharing Regulation ( [[#Fitch-Roy--2019a|Fitch-Roy et al. 2019a]] ; [[#Oberthür--2019|Oberthür 2019]] ).

From 2018, climate planning and reporting has been regulated by the EU Governance Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2018/1999), requiring member states to develop detailed and strategic National Energy and Climate Plans ( [[#Knodt--2020|Knodt et al. 2020]] ). In 2019, the European Commission, backed by the European Council (heads of states and government in the EU) and the European Parliament, launched a new broad climate and environment initiative; the ‘European Green Deal’, implying the revision of many EU polices and introducing the Climate Pact (European Commission 2019a). This roadmap develops a ‘new growth strategy for the EU’ aimed at reaching climate neutrality by 2050 and spans multiple sectors. In 2020, the European Commission introduced a new climate law establishing the framework for achieving the climate neutrality by 2050 principle, and upgraded its 2030 GHG emission reduction target to at least net 55% reduction, which was adopted in June 2021 (European Commission 2020a). In June 2021, the new policy package ‘Fit for 55’ was adopted by the Commission; the packages included a proposal for the revision of the ETS, including its extension to shipping and a separate emission trading system for road transport and buildings, a revision of the effort sharing regulation, an amendment of the regulation setting CO 2 emission standards for cars and vans, a revision of the energy tax directive, a new carbon border adjustment mechanism, a revision of renewable energy and energy efficiency targets and directives, and a new social fund to make the transition to climate neutrality fair.

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[[#footnote-000-backlink|1]] The European Union is an international organisation that is discussed here because it plays a large role in shaping climate obligations and policies of its Member States.

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