Editing IPCC:AR6/Data/Glossary (section)

== R ==

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Radiative_forcing"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Radiative forcing</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W m –2) due to a change in an external driver of climate change, such as a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), the concentration of volcanic aerosols or in the output of the Sun. The stratospherically adjusted radiative forcing is computed with all tropospheric properties held fixed at their unperturbed values, and after allowing for stratospheric temperatures, if perturbed, to readjust to radiative-dynamical equilibrium. Radiative forcing is called instantaneous if no change in stratospheric temperature is accounted for. The radiative forcing once both stratospheric and tropospheric adjustments are accounted for is termed the ‘effective radiative forcing‘.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Rapid_dynamical_change"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Rapid dynamical change</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Rapid dynamical change (of glaciers or ice sheets)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Changes in glacier or ice sheet mass controlled by changes in flow speed and discharge rather than by accumulation or ablation. This can result in a rate of mass change larger than that due to any imbalance between accumulation and ablation. Rapid dynamical change may be initiated by a climatic trigger, such as incursion of warm ocean water beneath an ice shelf, or thinning of a grounded tide-water terminus, which may lead to reactions within the glacier system that may result in rapid ice loss.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Reanalysis"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Reanalysis</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Reanalyses are created by processing past meteorological or oceanographic data using fixed state-of-the-art weather forecasting or ocean circulation models with data assimilation techniques. They are used to provide estimates of variables such as historical atmospheric temperature and wind or oceanographic temperature and currents, and other quantities. Using fixed data assimilation avoids effects from the changing analysis system that occur in operational analyses. Although continuity is improved, global reanalyses still suffer from changing coverage and biases in the observing systems.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Reasons_for_Concern"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Reasons for Concern</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Reasons for Concern (RFCs)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Elements of a classification framework, first developed in the IPCC Third Assessment Report, which aims to facilitate judgements about what level of climate change may be dangerous (in the language of Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by aggregating risks from various sectors, considering hazards, exposures, vulnerabilities, capacities to adapt, and the resulting impacts. From Wikipedia The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has organized many of the risks of climate change into five "reasons for concern." The reasons for concern show that these risks increase with increases in the Earth's global mean temperature (i.e., global warming). The IPCC's five reasons for concern are: threats to endangered species and unique systems damages from extreme climate events effects that fall most heavily on developing countries and the poor within countries global aggregate impacts (i.e., various measurements of total social, economic and ecological impacts) large-scale high-impact events. The five reasons for concern are described in more detail in the Wikipedia page.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Rebound_effect"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Rebound effect</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Phenomena whereby the reduction in energy consumption or emissions (relative to a baseline) associated with the implementation of mitigation measures in a jurisdiction is offset to some degree through induced changes in consumption, production, and prices within the same jurisdiction. The rebound effect is most typically ascribed to technological energy efficiency improvements.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Reconstruction"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Reconstruction</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Reconstruction (of climate variable)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Approach to reconstructing the past temporal and spatial characteristics of a climate variable from predictors. The predictors can be instrumental data if the reconstruction is used to infill missing data or proxy data if it is used to develop paleoclimate reconstructions. Various techniques have been developed for this purpose: linear multivariate regression-based methods and non-linear Bayesian and analogue methods.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Reducing_Emissions_from_Deforestation_and_Forest_Degradation"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' REDD+ refers to reducing emissions from deforestation; reducing emissions from forest degradation; conservation of forest carbon stocks; sustainable management of forests; and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (see UNFCCC decision 1/CP.16, para. 70).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Reference_period"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Reference period</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A time period of interest, or a period over which some relevant statistics are calculated. A reference period can be used as a baseline period or as a comparison to a baseline period.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Reference_scenario"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Reference scenario</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Scenario used as starting or reference point for a comparison between two or more scenarios. Note 1: In many types of climate change research, reference scenarios reflect specific assumptions about patterns of socio-economic development and may represent futures that assume no climate policies or specified climate policies, for example those in place or planned at the time a study is carried out. Reference scenarios may also represent futures with limited or no climate impacts or adaptation, to serve as a point of comparison for futures with impacts and adaptation. These are also referred to as baseline scenarios in the literature. Note 2: Reference scenarios can also be climate policy or impact scenarios, which in that case are taken as a point of comparison to explore the implications of other features, for example, of delay, technological options, policy design and strategy or to explore the effects of additional impacts and adaptation beyond those represented in the reference scenario. Note 3: The term business as usual scenario has been used to describe a scenario that assumes no additional policies beyond those currently in place and that patterns of socio-economic development are consistent with recent trends. The term is now used less frequently than in the past. Note 4: In climate change attribution or impact attribution research reference scenarios may refer to counterfactual historical scenarios assuming no anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (climate change attribution) or no climate change (impact attribution).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Reforestation"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Reforestation</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Conversion to forest of land that has previously contained forests but that has been converted to some other use. [Note: For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such as afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and their 2019 Refinement, and information provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (IPCC, 2006, 2019; UNFCCC 2021a, b).]</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Refugium"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Refugium</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A refugium is a geographic area where a population found safety from some threat to its existence, for example, climate refugia or glacial refugia (refuge from glaciations).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Regenerative_agriculture"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Regenerative agriculture</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A universally agreed definition of this relatively new farming approach has yet to be established, but regenerative agriculture broadly refers to the implementation of varying combinations of agricultural management practices, to ensure the continued restoration and enhancement of soil health, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, in conjunction with profitable agricultural production.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Region"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Region</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Land and/or ocean area characterised by specific geographical and/or climatological features. The climate of a region emerges from a multi-scale combination of its own features, remote influences from other regions, and global climate conditions.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Regional_climate_messages"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Regional climate messages</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Regional climate messages translate climate information synthesized from different lines of evidence into the context of a user vulnerable to climate at regional scales taking into account the values of both the producer and user (Section 10.5 of the AR6 WGI report).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Regional_climate_model"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Regional climate model</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Regional climate model (RCM)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A climate model at higher resolution over a limited area. Such models are used in downscaling global climate results over specific regional domains.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Regional_sea_level_change"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Regional sea level change</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Change in sea level relative to a datum (such as present-day mean sea level) at spatial scales of about 100 km.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Regulation"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Regulation</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A rule or order issued by governmental executive authorities or regulatory agencies and having the force of law. Regulations implement policies and are mostly specific for particular groups of people, legal entities or targeted activities. Regulation is also the act of designing and imposing rules or orders. Informational, transactional, administrative and political constraints in practice limit the regulator’s capability for implementing preferred policies.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Relative_humidity"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Relative humidity</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The ratio of actual water vapour pressure to that at saturation with respect to liquid water or ice at the same temperature.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Relative_sea_level_change"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Relative sea level change</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Relative sea level (RSL) change</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The change in local mean sea surface height (SSH) relative to the local solid surface, that is, the sea floor, as measured by instruments that are fixed to the Earth’s surface, such as tide gauges. This reference frame is used when considering coastal impacts, hazards and adaptation needs.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Remaining_carbon_budget"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Remaining carbon budget</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Cumulative global CO2 emissions from the start of 2018 to the time that CO2 emissions reach net-zero that would result in a given level of global warming.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Renewable_energy"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Renewable energy</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Renewable energy (RE)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Any form of energy that is replenished by natural processes at a rate that equals or exceeds its rate of use.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Reporting"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Reporting</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The process of formal reporting of assessment results to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), according to predetermined formats and established standards, especially the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines and GPG (Good Practice Guidance)’ (UN REDD, 2009).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Representative_Concentration_Pathways"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Representative Concentration Pathways</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Scenarios that include time series of emissions and concentrations of the full suite of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and chemically active gases, as well as land use / land cover (Moss et al.,2008; van Vuuren et al., 2011). The word representative signifies that each RCP provides only one of many possible scenarios that would lead to the specific radiative forcing characteristics. The term pathway emphasises that not only the long-term concentration levels are of interest, but also the trajectory taken over time to reach that outcome (Moss et al., 2010; van Vuuren et al., 2011). • RCP2.6: One pathway where radiative forcing peaks at approximately 3 W m –2 and then declines to be limited at 2.6 W m –2 in 2100 (the corresponding Extended Concentration Pathway, or ECP, has constant emissions after 2100). • RCP4.5 and RCP6.0: Two intermediate stabilisation pathways in which radiative forcing is limited at approximately 4.5 W m –2 and 6.0 W m –2 in 2100 (the corresponding ECPs have constant concentrations after 2150). • RCP8.5: One high pathway which leads to >8.5 W m –2 in 2100 (the corresponding ECP has constant emissions after 2100 until 2150 and constant concentrations after 2250).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Representative_Key_Risks"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Representative Key Risks</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Representative Key Risks (RKRs)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Representative, thematic clusters of key risks.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Reservoir"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Reservoir</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A component or components of the climate system where a greenhouse gas (GHG) or a precursor of a greenhouse gas is stored (UNFCCC Article 1.7 (UNFCCC, 1992)).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Residual_risk"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Residual risk</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The risk related to climate change impacts that remains following adaptation and mitigation efforts. Adaptation actions can redistribute risk and impacts, with increased risk and impacts in some areas or populations, and decreased risk and impacts in others.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Resilience"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Resilience</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The capacity of interconnected social, economic and ecological systems to cope with a hazardous event, trend or disturbance, responding or reorganising in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and structure. Resilience is a positive attribute when it maintains capacity for adaptation, learning and/or transformation (Arctic Council, 2016).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Resolution"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Resolution</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' In climate models, this term refers to the physical distance (metres or degrees) between each point on the grid used to compute the equations. Temporal resolution refers to the time step or time elapsed between each model computation of the equations.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Resource_cascade"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Resource cascade</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Tracking resource use (materials, energy, water, etc.), efficiency and losses through all conversion steps from primary resource extraction to various conversion steps, all the way to final service delivery.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Respiration"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Respiration</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The process whereby living organisms convert organic matter to carbon dioxide (CO 2), releasing energy and consuming molecular oxygen.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Response_time_or_adjustment_time"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Response time or adjustment time</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Response time or adjustment time (Ta)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' In the context of climate variations, the response time or adjustment time is the time needed for the climate system or its components to re-equilibrate to a new state, following a forcing resulting from external processes. It is very different for various components of the climate system. The response time of the troposphere is relatively short, from days to weeks, whereas the stratosphere reaches equilibrium on a time scale of typically a few months. Due to their large heat capacity, the oceans have a much longer response time: typically decades, but up to centuries or millennia. The response time of the strongly coupled surface–troposphere system is, therefore, slow compared to that of the stratosphere, and mainly determined by the oceans. The biosphere may respond quickly (e.g., to droughts), but also very slowly to imposed changes. In the context of lifetimes, response time or adjustment time (T a) is the time scale characterizing the decay of an instantaneous pulse input into the reservoir. See Response time or adjustment time (Ta) under Lifetime.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Restoration"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Restoration</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' In the environmental context, restoration involves human interventions to assist the recovery of an ecosystem that has been previously degraded, damaged or destroyed.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Return_period"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Return period</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' An estimate of the average time interval between occurrences of an event (e.g., flood or extreme rainfall) of (or below/above) a defined size or intensity.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Return_value"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Return value</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The highest (or, alternatively, lowest) value of a given variable, on average occurring once in a given period of time (e.g., in 10 years).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Risk"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Risk</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The potential for adverse consequences for human or ecological systems, recognising the diversity of values and objectives associated with such systems. In the context of climate change, risks can arise from potential impacts of climate change as well as human responses to climate change. Relevant adverse consequences include those on lives, livelihoods, health and well-being, economic, social and cultural assets and investments, infrastructure, services (including ecosystem services), ecosystems and species. In the context of climate change impacts, risks result from dynamic interactions between climate-related hazards with the exposure and vulnerability of the affected human or ecological system to the hazards. Hazards, exposure and vulnerability may each be subject to uncertainty in terms of magnitude and likelihood of occurrence, and each may change over time and space due to socio-economic changes and human decision-making (see also risk management, adaptation and mitigation). In the context of climate change responses, risks result from the potential for such responses not achieving the intended objective(s), or from potential trade-offs with, or negative side-effects on, other societal objectives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (see also risk trade-off). Risks can arise, for example, from uncertainty in implementation, effectiveness or outcomes of climate policy, climate-related investments, technology development or adoption, and system transitions.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Risk_assessment"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Risk assessment</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The qualitative and/or quantitative scientific estimation of risks.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Risk_framework"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Risk framework</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A common framework for describing and assessing risk across all three Working Groups is adopted to promote clear and consistent communication of risks and to better inform risk assessment and decision-making related to climate change.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Risk_management"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Risk management</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood and/or magnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on assessed or perceived risks.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Risk_perception"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Risk perception</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The subjective judgement that people make about the characteristics and severity of a risk.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Risk_trade-off"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Risk trade-off</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The change in the portfolio of risks that occurs when a countervailing risk is generated (knowingly or inadvertently) by an intervention to reduce the target risk (Wiener and Graham, 2009).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Risk_transfer"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Risk transfer</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The process of formally or informally shifting the financial consequences of particular risks from one party to another whereby a household, community, enterprise or state authority will obtain resources from the other party after a disaster occurs, in exchange for ongoing or compensatory social or financial benefits provided to that other party.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="River_discharge"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">River discharge</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Water flow within a river channel, for example, expressed in m3s–1. A synonym for river streamflow.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Rock_glacier"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Rock glacier</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A debris landform (mass of rock fragments and finer material that contains either an ice core or an ice-cemented matrix) generated by a former or current gravity-driven creep of permafrost in mountain slopes (Harris et al., 1988; Giardino et al., 2011; IPA-RG, 2020). It is detectable in the landscape due to the occurrence of (i) a steep slope delimiting the terminal part, (ii) generally well-defined lateral margins in a continuation of the front, and (iii) transversal or longitudinal ridges and furrows (ridge and furrow topography). These are geomorphological indicators of the occurrence of permafrost conditions. Although it is an ice storage feature, it is not a type of glacier since it does not originate at the surface by the recrystallization of snow.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Runoff"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Runoff</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The flow of water over the surface or through the subsurface, which typically originates from the part of liquid precipitation and/or snow/ice melt that does not evaporate, transpire or refreeze, and returns to water bodies.</div>
</div>

</div>
<div class="glossary-letter-section">