Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

=== 7.5.3 Best practices of decision-making toward sustainable land management (SLM) ===

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Sustainable land management (SLM) is a strategy and also an outcome (Waas et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1100|1100]]</sup> ) and decision-making practices are fundamental in achieving it as an outcome ( ''medium evidence, medium agreement'' ). SLM decision-making is improved ( ''medium evidence and high agreement'' ) with ecological service mapping with three characteristics: robustness (robust modelling, measurement, and stakeholder-based methods for quantification of ES supply, demand and/or flow, as well as measures of uncertainty and heterogeneity across spatial and temporal scales and resolution); transparency (to contribute to clear information-sharing and the creation of linkages with decision support processes); and relevancy to stakeholders (people-centric in which stakeholders are engaged at different stages) (Willemen et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1101|1101]]</sup> ; Ashcroft et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1102|1102]]</sup> ). Practices that advance SLM include remediation practices, as well as critical interventions that are reshaping norms and standards, joint implementation, experimentation, and integration of rural actors’ agency in analysis and approaches in decision-making (Hou and Al-Tabbaa 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1103|1103]]</sup> ). Best practices are identified in the literature after their implementation demonstrates effectiveness at improving water quality, the environment, or reducing pollution (Rudolph et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1104|1104]]</sup> ; Lam et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1105|1105]]</sup> ).

There is ''medium evidence'' and ''medium agreement'' about what factors consistently determine the adoption of agricultural best management practices (Herendeen and Glazier 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r1106|1106]]</sup> ) and these positively correlate to education levels, income, farm size, capital, diversity, access to information, and social networks. Attending workshops for information and trust in crop consultants are also important factors in adoption of best management practices (Ulrich-Schad et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1107|1107]]</sup> ; Baumgart-Getz et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r1108|1108]]</sup> ). More research is needed on the sustained adoption of these factors over time (Prokopy et al. 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r1109|1109]]</sup> ).

There is ''medium evidence'' and ''high agreement'' that SLM practices and incentives require mainstreaming into relevant policy; appropriate market-based approaches, including payment for ES and public- private partnerships, need better integration into payment schemes (Tengberg et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1110|1110]]</sup> ). There is ''medium evidenc'' e and ''high agreement'' that many of the best SLM decisions are made with the participation of stakeholders and social learning (Section 7.6.4) (Stringer and Dougill 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1111|1111]]</sup> ). As stakeholders may not be in agreement, either practices of mediating agreement, or modelling that depicts and mediates the effects of stakeholder perceptions in decision-making may be applicable (Hou 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1112|1112]]</sup> ; Wiggering and Steinhardt 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1113|1113]]</sup> ).

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