Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

=== 7.5.4 Adaptive management ===

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Adaptive management is an evolving approach to natural resource management founded on decision-making approaches in other fields (such as business, experimental science, and industrial ecology) (Allen et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1114|1114]]</sup> ; Williams 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1115|1115]]</sup> ) and decision-making that overcomes management paralysis and mediates multiple stakeholder interests through use of simple steps. Adaptive governance considers a broader socio-ecological system that includes the social context that facilitates adaptive management (Chaffin et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1116|1116]]</sup> ). Adaptive management steps include evaluating a problem and integrating planning, analysis and management into a transparent process to build a road map focused on achieving fundamental objectives. Requirements of success are clearly articulated objectives, the explicit acknowledgment of uncertainty, and a transparent response to all stakeholder interests in the decision-making process (Allen et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1117|1117]]</sup> ). Adaptive management builds on this foundation by incorporating a formal iterative process, acknowledging uncertainty and achieving management objectives through a structured feedback process that includes stakeholder participation (Foxon et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r1118|1118]]</sup> ) (Section 7.6.4). In the adaptive management process, the problem and desired goals are identified, evaluation criteria formulated, the system boundaries and context are ascertained, trade-offs evaluated, decisions are made regarding responses and policy instruments, which are implemented, and monitored, evaluated and adjusted (Allen et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1124|1124]]</sup> ). The implementation of policy strategies and monitoring of results occurs in a continuous management cycle of monitoring, assessment and revision (Hurlbert 2015b <sup>[[#fn:r1119|1119]]</sup> ; Newig et al. 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r1120|1120]]</sup> ; Pahl-Wostl et al. 2007 <sup>[[#fn:r1121|1121]]</sup> ), as illustrated in Figure 7.6.

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'''Figure 7.6'''

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'''Adaptive governance, management and comprehensive iterative risk management. Source: Adapted from Ammann 2013; Allen et al. 2011.'''
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[[File:07e25a29d269b13178ded85b89d540e9 7-6.jpg]]

Adaptive governance, management and comprehensive iterative risk management. Source: Adapted from Ammann 2013; Allen et al. 2011.

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A key focus on adaptive management is the identification and reduction of uncertainty (as described in Chapter 1, Section 1.2.2 and Cross-Chapter Box 1 on Scenarios) and partial controllability, whereby policies used to implement an action are only indirectly responsible (for example, setting a harvest rate) (Williams 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1123|1123]]</sup> ). There is ''medium evidence'' and ''high agreement'' that adaptive management is an ideal method to resolve uncertainty when uncertainty and controllability (resources will respond to management) are both high (Allen et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1124|1124]]</sup> ). Where uncertainty is high, but controllability is low, developing and analysing scenarios may be more appropriate (Allen et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1125|1125]]</sup> ). Anticipatory governance has developed combining scenarios and forecasting in order to creatively design strategy to address ‘complex, fuzzy and wicked challenges’ (Ramos 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1126|1126]]</sup> ; Quay 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r1127|1127]]</sup> ) (Section 7.5). Even where there is low controllability, such as in the case of climate change, adaptive management can help mitigate impacts, including changes in water availability and shifting distributions of plants and animals (Allen et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1128|1128]]</sup> ).

There is ''medium evidence'' and ''high agreement'' that adaptive management can help reduce anthropogenic impacts of changes of land and climate, including: species decline and habitat loss (participative identification, monitoring, and review of species at risk as well as decision-making surrounding protective measures) (Fontaine 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1129|1129]]</sup> ; Smith 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1130|1130]]</sup> ) including quantity and timing of harvest of animals (Johnson 2011a <sup>[[#fn:r1131|1131]]</sup> ), human participation in natural resource-based recreational activities, including selection fish harvest quotas and fishing seasons from year to year (Martin and Pope 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1132|1132]]</sup> ), managing competing interests of land-use planners and conservationists in public lands (Moore et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1133|1133]]</sup> ), managing endangered species and minimising fire risk through land-cover management (Breininger et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1134|1134]]</sup> ), land-use change in hardwood forestry through mediation of hardwood plantation forestry companies and other stakeholders, including those interested in water, environment or farming (Leys and Vanclay 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1135|1135]]</sup> ), and SLM protecting biodiversity, increasing carbon storage, and improving livelihoods (Cowie et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1136|1136]]</sup> ). There is ''medium evidence'' and ''medium agreement'' that, despite abundant literature and theoretical explanation, there has remained imperfect realisation of adaptive management because of several challenges: lack of clarity in definition and approach, few success stories on which to build an experiential base practitioner knowledge of adaptive management, paradigms surrounding management, policy and funding that favour reactive approaches instead of the proactive adaptive management approach, shifting objectives that do not allow for the application of the approach, and failure to acknowledge social uncertainty (Allen et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1137|1137]]</sup> ). Adaptive management includes participation (Section 7.6.4), the use of indicators (Section 7.5.5), in order to avoid maladaptation and trade-offs while maximising synergies (Section 7.5.6).

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