Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-6 (section)

==== 6.4.3.2 Moves from Mainstreaming to Transformative Adaptation ====

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Two forms of mainstreaming are usually found in urban policy: incorporating climate adaptation into different sectors or incorporating climate adaptation in holistic sustainability or resilience plans, linking climate adaptation objectives with other social and development objectives (Reckien et al., 2019; Fainstein, 2018). The integration of climate adaptation in local policies in cities and settlements has often been seen as maintaining business-as-usual and not always aligned with transformative efforts to address structural drivers of vulnerability ( ''high confidence'' ). For example, mainstream actions that seek to advance other development objectives, as explained above, may reduce adaptation to ‘low-hanging fruits’, which may maintain business-as-usual practices without any fundamental transformation of the social, institutional and economic systems that drive vulnerabilities (Aylett, 2014). However, as explained above, mainstreaming can also generate wider processes of institutional change ( [[#6.4.2|Section 6.4.2]] ). Mainstream strategies may help to demonstrate how policy and frameworks can produce practical outcomes on the ground ( [[#Biesbroek--2020|Biesbroek and Delaney, 2020]] ). However, previous experiences in other sectors, such as gender mainstreaming, have shown the limitations of the mainstreaming approach, particularly in terms of addressing the structural drivers of inequality and vulnerability, and in achieving justice for those who suffer most ( [[#Moser--2017|Moser, 2017]] ). Local governments in particular, can link mainstreaming efforts with specific strategies that support justice in adaptation, including redistribution efforts to address vulnerabilities (see [[#6.3.2|Section 6.3.2]] ), representation in local institution and deliberative processes, and recognition of the conditions for self-realisation, including personal and collective safety (Agyeman et al., 2016; [[#Castán%20Broto--2017|Castán Broto and Westman, 2017]] ; [[#Castán%20Broto--2019|Castán Broto and Westman, 2019]] ; [[#Hess--2021|Hess and McKane, 2021]] ).

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