Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

=== 7.5.6 Maximising synergies and minimising trade-offs ===

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Synergies and trade-offs to address land and climate-related measures are identified and discussed in Chapter 6. Here we outline policies supporting Chapter 6 response options (see Table 7.5), and discuss synergies and trade-offs in policy choices and interactions among policies. Trade-offs will exist between broad policy approaches. For example, while legislative and regulatory approaches may be effective at achieving environmental goals, they may be costly and ideologically unattractive in some countries. Market-driven approaches such as carbon pricing are cost-effective ways to reduce emissions, but may not be favoured politically and economically (Section 7.4.4). Information provision involves little political risk or ideological constraints, but behavioural barriers may limit their effectiveness (Henstra 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1158|1158]]</sup> ). This level of trade-off is often determined by the prevailing political system.

Synergies and trade-offs also result from interaction between policies (policy interplay; Urwin and Jordan 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r1159|1159]]</sup> ) at different levels of policy (vertical) and across different policies (horizontal) (Section 7.4.8). If policy mixes are designed appropriately, acknowledging and incorporating trade-offs and synergies, they are better placed to deliver an outcome such as transitioning to sustainability (Howlett and Rayner 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1160|1160]]</sup> ; Huttunen et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1161|1161]]</sup> ) ( ''medium evidence'' and ''medium agreement'' ). However, there is ''limited evidence'' and ''medium agreement'' that evaluating policies for coherence in responding to climate change and its impacts is not occurring, and policies are instead reviewed in a fragmented manner (Hurlbert and Gupta 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1162|1162]]</sup> ).

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'''Table 7.5'''

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'''Selection of policies/programmes/instruments that support response options.'''

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{| class="wikitable"
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Category

Integrated response option Policy instrument supporting response option

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Land management in agriculture

Increased food productivity

Investment in agricultural research for crop and livestock improvement, agricultural technology transfer, inland capture fisheries and aquaculture {7.4.7} agricultural policy reform and trade liberalisation

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Improved cropland, grazing, Environmental farm programmes/agri-environment schemes, water-efficiency requirements and water and livestock management transfer {3.7.5}, extension services

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Agroforestry Payment for ecosystem services (ES) {7.4.6}

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Agricultural diversification

Elimination of agriculture subsidies {5.7.1}, environmental farm programmes, agri-environmental payments {7.4.6}, rural development programmes

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Reduced grassland conversion to cropland Elimination of agriculture subsidies, remove insurance incentives, ecological restoration {7.4.6}

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Integrated water management Integrated governance {7.6.2}, multi-level instruments {7.4.1}

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Land management in forests

Forest management, reduced deforestation and degradation, reforestation and forest restoration, afforestation

REDD+, forest conservation regulations, payments for ES, recognition of forest rights and land tenure {7.4.6}, adaptive management of forests {7.5.4}, land-use moratoriums, reforestation programmes and investment {4.9.1}

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Land management of soils

Increased soil organic carbon content, reduced soil erosion, reduced soil salinisation, reduced soil compaction, biochar addition<br />
to soil

Land degradation neutrality (LDN) {7.4.5}, drought plans, flood plans, flood zone mapping {7.4.3}, technology transfer (7.4.4}, land-use zoning {7.4.6}, ecological service mapping and stakeholder-based quantification {7.5.3}, environmental farm programmes/agri-environment schemes, water-efficiency requirements and water transfer {3.7.5}

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Land management in all other ecosystems

Fire management Fire suppression, prescribed fire management, mechanical treatments {7.4.3}

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Reduced landslides and natural hazards Land-use zoning {7.4.6}

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Reduced pollution – acidification Environmental regulations, climate mitigation (carbon pricing) {7.4.4}

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Management of invasive species/ encroachment

Invasive species regulations, trade regulations {5.7.2, 7.4.6}

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Restoration and reduced conversion of coastal wetlands

Flood zone mapping {7.4.3}, land-use zoning {7.4.6}

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Restoration and reduced conversion of peatlands

Payment for ES {7.4.6; 7.5.3}, standards and certification programmes {7.4.6}, land-use moratoriums

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Biodiversity conservation Conservation regulations, protected areas policies

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Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) land management

Enhanced weathering of minerals No data

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Bioenergy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)

Standards and certification for sustainability of biomass and land use {7.4.6}

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Demand management

Dietary change

Awareness campaigns/education, changing food choices through nudges, synergies with health insurance and policy {5.7.2}

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Reduced post-harvest losses<br />
Reduced food waste (consumer or retailer), material substitution

Agricultural business risk programmes {7.4.8}; regulations to reduce and taxes on food waste, improved shelf life, circularising the economy to produce substitute goods, carbon pricing, sugar/fat taxes {5.7.2}

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Supply management

Sustainable sourcing

Food labelling, innovation to switch to food with lower environmental footprint, public procurement policies {5.7.2}, standards and certification programmes {7.4.6}

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Management of supply chains

Liberalised international trade {5.7.2}, food purchasing and storage policies of governments, standards and certification programmes {7.4.6}, regulations on speculation in food systems

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Enhanced urban food systems

Buy local policies; land-use zoning to encourage urban agriculture, nature-based solutions and green infrastructure in cities; incentives for technologies like vertical farming

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Improved food processing and retailing, improved energy use in food systems

Agriculture emission trading {7.4.4}; investment in R&amp;D for new technologies; certification

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Risk management

Management of urban sprawl Land-use zoning {7.4.6}

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Livelihood diversification Climate-smart agriculture policies, adaptation policies, extension services {7.5.6}

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Disaster risk management Disaster risk reduction {7.5.4; 7.4.3}, adaptation planning

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Risk-sharing instruments

Insurance, iterative risk management, CAT bonds, risk layering, contingency funds {7.4.3}, agriculture business risk portfolios {7.4.8}

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