Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-3 (section)

==== 3.7.6.1 Benefits of Avoided Climate Impacts Along Mitigation Pathways ====

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===== Terrestrial and freshwater aquatic ecosystems =====

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Climate change is a major driver of species extinction and terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems destruction ( ''high confidence'' ) (AR6 WGII Chapter 2). Analysis shows that approximately half of all species with long-term records have shifted their ranges in elevation and about two thirds have advanced their timing of spring events ( [[#Parmesan--2015|Parmesan and Hanley 2015]] ). Under 3.2°C warming, 49% of insects, 44% of plants and 26% of vertebrates are projected to be at risk of extinction. At 2°C, this falls to 18% of insects, 16% of plants and 8% of vertebrates and at 1.5°C, to 6% of insects, 8% of plants and 4% of vertebrates ( [[#Warren--2018|Warren et al. 2018]] ). Incidents of migration of invasive species, including pests and diseases, are also attributable to climate change, with negative impacts on food security and vector-borne diseases. Moreover, if climate change reduces crop yields, cropland may expand – a primary driver of biodiversity loss – in order to meet food demand ( [[#Molotoks--2020|Molotoks et al. 2020]] ). Land restoration and halting land degradation under all mitigation scenarios has the potential for synergy between mitigation and adaptation.

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===== Marine and coastal ecosystems =====

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Marine ecosystems are being affected by climate change and growing non-climate pressures including temperature change, acidification, land-sourced pollution, sedimentation, resource extraction and habitat destruction ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Bindoff--2019|Bindoff et al. 2019]] ; [[#IPCC--2019b|IPCC 2019b]] ). The impacts of climate drivers and their combinations vary across taxa (AR6 WGII Chapter 3). The danger or warming and acidification to coral reefs, rocky shores and kelp forests is well established ( ''high confidence'' ) (AR6 WGII Chapter 3). Migration towards optimal thermal and chemical conditions ( [[#Burrows--2019|Burrows et al. 2019]] ) contributes to large-scale redistribution of fish and invertebrate populations, and major impacts on global marine biomass production and maximum sustainable yield ( [[#Bindoff--2019|Bindoff et al. 2019]] ).

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