Editing IPCC:AR6/Data/Glossary (section)

== S ==

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Salt-water_intrusion_encroachment"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Salt-water intrusion/encroachment</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Displacement of fresh surface water or groundwater by the advance of salt water due to its greater density. This usually occurs in coastal and estuarine areas due to decreasing land-based influence (e.g., from reduced runoff or groundwater recharge, or from excessive water withdrawals from aquifers) or increasing marine influence (e.g., relative sea level rise).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sampling_uncertainty"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sampling uncertainty</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Uncertainty arising from incomplete or uneven availability of measurements in either space or time or both.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Scenario"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Scenario</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A plausible description of how the future may develop based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about key driving forces (e.g., rate of technological change, prices) and relationships. Note that scenarios are neither predictions nor forecasts, but are used to provide a view of the implications of developments and actions.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Scenario_storyline"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Scenario storyline</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A narrative description of a scenario (or family of scenarios), highlighting the main scenario characteristics, relationships between key driving forces and the dynamics of their evolution.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sea_ice"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sea ice</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Ice found at the sea surface that has originated from the freezing of seawater. Sea ice may be discontinuous pieces (ice floes) moved on the ocean surface by wind and currents (pack ice), or a motionless sheet attached to the coast (land-fast ice). Sea ice concentration is the fraction of the ocean covered by ice. Sea ice less than one year old is called first-year ice. Perennial ice is sea ice that survives at least one summer. It may be subdivided into second-year ice and multi-year ice, where multi-year ice has survived at least two summers.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sea_ice_area"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sea ice area</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sea ice area (SIA)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Sea ice area is the area covered by sea ice. In contrast to sea ice extent, it is a linear measure of sea ice coverage that does not depend on grid resolution.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sea_ice_concentration"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sea ice concentration</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Sea ice concentration is the fraction of the ocean covered by ice.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sea_ice_extent"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sea ice extent</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sea ice extent (SIE)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Sea ice extent is calculated for gridded data products as the total area of all grid cells with sea ice concentration above a given threshold, usually 15 %. It hence is a grid-dependent, non-linear measure of sea ice coverage.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sea_level_change"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sea level change</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sea level change (sea level rise/sea level fall)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Change to the height of sea level, both globally and locally (relative sea level change) at seasonal, annual, or longer time scales due to (1) a change in ocean volume as a result of a change in the mass of water in the ocean (e.g., due to melt of glaciers and ice sheets), (2) changes in ocean volume as a result of changes in ocean water density (e.g., expansion under warmer conditions), (3) changes in the shape of the ocean basins and changes in the Earth’s gravitational and rotational fields and (4) local subsidence or uplift of the land. Global mean sea level change resulting from change in the mass of the ocean is called barystatic. The amount of barystatic sea level change due to the addition or removal of a mass of water is called its sea level equivalent (SLE). Sea level changes, both globally and locally, resulting from changes in water density are called steric. Density changes induced by temperature changes only are called thermosteric, while density changes induced by salinity changes are called halosteric. Barystatic and steric sea level changes do not include the effect of changes in the shape of ocean basins induced by the change in the ocean mass and its distribution.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sea_level_equivalent"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sea level equivalent</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sea level equivalent (SLE)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The SLE of a mass of water, ice, or water vapour is that mass, converted to a volume using a density of 1000 kg m –3, and divided by the present-day ocean surface area of 3.625 × 1000 m 2. Thus, 362.5 Gt of water mass added to the ocean correspond to 1 mm of global mean sea level rise.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sea_level_rise"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sea level rise</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sea level rise (SLR)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Change to the height of sea level, both globally and locally (relative sea level change) (at seasonal, annual or longer time scales) due to (1) a change in ocean volume as a result of a change in the mass of water in the ocean (e.g., due to melt of glaciers and ice sheets), (2) changes in ocean volume as a result of changes in ocean water density (e.g., expansion under warmer conditions), (3) changes in the shape of the ocean basins and changes in the Earth’s gravitational and rotational fields and (4) local subsidence or uplift of the land. Global mean sea level change resulting from change in the mass of the ocean is called barystatic. The amount of barystatic sea level change due to the addition or removal of a mass of water is called its sea level equivalent (SLE). Sea level changes, both globally and locally, resulting from changes in water density are called steric. Density changes induced by temperature changes only are called thermosteric, while density changes induced by salinity changes are called halosteric. Barystatic and steric sea level changes do not include the effect of changes in the shape of ocean basins induced by the change in the ocean mass and its distribution.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sea_surface_temperature"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sea surface temperature</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sea surface temperature (SST)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The subsurface bulk temperature in the top few metres of the ocean, measured by ships, buoys and drifters. From ships, measurements of water samples in buckets were mostly switched in the 1940s to samples from engine intake water. Satellite measurements of skin temperature (uppermost layer; a fraction of a millimetre thick) in the infrared or the top centimetre or so in the microwave are also used, but must be adjusted to be compatible with the bulk temperature.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Semi-arid_zone"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Semi-arid zone</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Areas where vegetation growth is constrained by limited water availability, often with short growing seasons and high interannual variation in primary production. Annual precipitation ranges from 300 to 800 mm, depending on the occurrence of summer and winter rains.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Semi-empirical_model"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Semi-empirical model</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Model in which calculations are based on a combination of observed associations between variables and theoretical considerations relating variables through fundamental principles (e.g., conservation of energy). For example, in sea level studies, semi-empirical models refer specifically to transfer functions formulated to project future global mean sea level (GMSL) change, or contributions to it, from future global surface temperature change or radiative forcing.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sendai_Framework_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 outlines seven clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new, and to reduce existing, disaster risks. The voluntary, non-binding agreement recognises that the State has the primary role to reduce disaster risk but that responsibility should be shared with other stakeholders, including local government and the private sector. Its aim is to achieve ’substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries’.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sensible_heat_flux"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sensible heat flux</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The turbulent or conductive flux of heat from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere that is not associated with phase changes of water; a component of the surface energy budget.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sensitivity"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sensitivity</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The degree to which a system or species is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate variability or change. The effect may be direct (e.g., a change in crop yield in response to a change in the mean, range, or variability of temperature) or indirect (e.g., damages caused by an increase in the frequency of coastal flooding due to sea level rise).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sequestration"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sequestration</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The process of storing carbon in a carbon pool.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sequestration_potential"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sequestration potential</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The quantity of greenhouse gases that can be removed from the atmosphere by anthropogenic enhancement of sinks and stored in a pool. See Mitigation potential for different subcategories of sequestration potential.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Service_provisioning"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Service provisioning</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Various services (such as illumination and mobility) can be provided by ‘systems’ through the use of energy, materials, and other resources comprising (i) Resource flows (e.g., energy), (ii) Technologies for resource use and energy conversion (e.g., vehicles and their engines), and (iii) Social/organisational forms of service delivery (e.g., publicly owned companies, or privately owned companies, e-commerce).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Services"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Services</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Activities that help satisfy human wants or needs. While they usually involve relationships between producers and consumers, services are less tangible and less storable than goods since they represent flows not stocks, and when their regeneration conditions are protected they may be reused over time.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Settlements"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Settlements</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Places of concentrated human habitation. Settlements can range from isolated rural villages to urban regions with significant global influence. They can include formally planned and informal or illegal habitation and related infrastructure.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Shared_socio-economic_pathways"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Shared socio-economic pathways</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) have been developed to complement the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). By design, the RCP emission and concentration pathways were stripped of their association with a certain socio-economic development. Different levels of emissions and climate change along the dimension of the RCPs can hence be explored against the backdrop of different socio-economic development pathways (SSPs) on the other dimension in a matrix. This integrative SSP-RCP framework is now widely used in the climate impact and policy analysis literature, where climate projections obtained under the RCP scenarios are analysed against the backdrop of various SSPs. As several emissions updates were due, a new set of emissions scenarios was developed in conjunction with the SSPs. Hence, the abbreviation SSP is now used for two things: On the one hand SSP1, SSP2, …, SSP5 are used to denote the five socio-economic scenario families. On the other hand, the abbreviations SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, …, SSP5-8.5 are used to denote the newly developed emissions scenarios that are the result of an SSP implementation within an integrated assessment model. Those SSP scenarios are bare of climate policy assumption, but in combination with so-called shared policy assumptions (SPAs), various approximate radiative forcing levels of 1.9, 2.6, …, or 8.5 W m –2 are reached by the end of the century, respectively.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sharing_economy."></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sharing economy.</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A system which allows people to share goods and services by enabling collaborative use, access or ownership.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Shelf_seas"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Shelf seas</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Relatively shallow water covering the shelf of continents or around islands. The limit of shelf seas is conventionally considered as 200 m water depth at the continental shelf edge, where there is usually a steep slope to the deep ocean floor. During glacial periods, most shelf seas are lost since they become land as the build-up of ice sheets caused a decrease of global sea level.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Shifting_development_pathways"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Shifting development pathways</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Shifting development pathways (SDP)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' In this report, shifting development pathways describes transitions aimed at re-directing existing developmental trends. Societies may put in place enabling conditions to influence their future development pathways, when they endeavour to achieve certain outcomes. Some outcomes may be common, while others may be context-specific, given different starting points.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Shifting_development_pathways_to_sustainability"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Shifting development pathways to sustainability</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Shifting development pathways to sustainability (SDPS)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Shifting development pathways to sustainability involves transitions aligned with a shared aspiration in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agreed globally, though sustainability may be interpreted differently in various contexts as societies pursue a variety of sustainable development objectives.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Short-lived_climate_forcers"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Short-lived climate forcers</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A set of chemically reactive compounds with short (relative to carbon dioxide (CO2)) atmospheric lifetimes (from hours to about two decades) but characterised by different physiochemical properties and environmental effects. Their emission or formation has a significant effect on radiative forcing over a period determined by their respective atmospheric lifetimes. Changes in their emissions can also induce long-term climate effects via, in particular, their interactions with some biogeochemical cycles. SLCFs are classified as direct or indirect, with direct SLCFs exerting climate effects through their radiative forcing and indirect SLCFs being the precursors of other direct climate forcers. Direct SLCFs include 4) methane (CH, 3) ozone (O, primary aerosols and some halogenated species. Indirect SLCFs are precursors of ozone or secondary aerosols. SLCFs can be cooling or warming through interactions with radiation and clouds. They are also referred to as near-term climate forcers. Many SLCFs are also air pollutants. A subset of exclusively warming SLCFs is also referred to as short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), including methane, ozone, and black carbon (BC).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Short-lived_climate_pollutants"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Short-lived climate pollutants</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Many SLCFs are also air pollutants.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Significant_wave_height"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Significant wave height</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The average trough-to-crest height of the highest one-third of the wave heights (sea and swell) occurring in a particular time period.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Simple_climate_model"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Simple climate model</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Simple climate model (SCM)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A broad class of lower-dimensional models of the energy balance, radiative transfer, carbon cycle, or a combination of such physical components. SCMs are also suitable for performing emulations of climate-mean variables of Earth system models (ESMs), given that their structural flexibility can capture both the parametric and structural uncertainties across process-oriented ESM responses. They can also be used to test consistency across multiple lines of evidence with regard to climate sensitivity ranges, transient climate responses (TCRs), transient climate response to cumulative CO 2 emissions (TCREs) and carbon cycle feedbacks.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sink"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sink</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Article 1.8 (UNFCCC, 1992)).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Small_Island_Developing_States"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Small Island Developing States</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Small Island Developing States (SIDS)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Small Island Developing States (SIDS), as recognised by the United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (OHRLLS), are a distinct group of developing countries facing specific social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities (UN-OHRLLS, 2011). They were recognised as a special case for both their environment and their development at the Rio Earth Summit in Brazil in 1992. Fifty-eight countries and territories are presently classified as SIDS by the UN OHRLLS, with 38 being UN member states and 20 being Non-UN Members or Associate Members of the Regional Commissions (UN-OHRLLS, 2018).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Smart_grids"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Smart grids</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A smart grid uses information and communications technology to gather data on the behaviours of suppliers and consumers in the production, distribution, and use of electricity. Through automated responses or the provision of price signals, this information can then be used to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the electricity network.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Snow_cover"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Snow cover</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Snow cover refers to all the snow that has accumulated on the ground at a given time (UNESCO/IASH/WMO, 1970).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Snow_cover_duration"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Snow cover duration</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Snow cover duration (SCD)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' How long snow continuously remains on the land surface, or the period between snow-on and snow-off dates.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Snow_cover_extent"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Snow cover extent</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Snow cover extent (SCE)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The areal extent of snow covered ground.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Snow_water_equivalent"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Snow water equivalent</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Snow water equivalent (SWE)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The depth of liquid water that would result if a mass of snow melted completely.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Social_cost_of_carbon"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Social cost of carbon</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Social cost of carbon (SCC)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The net present value of aggregate climate damages (with overall harmful damages expressed as a number with positive sign) from one more tonne of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), conditional on a global emissions trajectory over time.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Social_costs"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Social costs</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The full costs of an action in terms of social welfare losses, including external costs associated with the impacts of this action on the environment, the economy (GDP, employment) and on the society as a whole.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Social-ecological_system"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Social-ecological system</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' An integrated system that includes human societies and ecosystems, in which humans are part of nature. The functions of such a system arise from the interactions and interdependence of the social and ecological subsystems. The system’s structure is characterised by reciprocal feedbacks, emphasising that humans must be seen as a part of, not apart from, nature (Berkes and Folke 1998; Arctic Council, 2016).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Social_group"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Social group</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A collective of people who share similar characteristics and collectively may have a sense of unity (Forsyth 2010).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Social_identity"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Social identity</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The portion of an individual’s self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group (Tajfel and Turner 1986).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Social_inclusion"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Social inclusion</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A process of improving the terms of participation in society, particularly for people who are disadvantaged, through enhancing opportunities, access to resources and respect for rights (UN DESA 2016).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Social_infrastructure"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Social infrastructure</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The social, cultural, and financial activities and institutions as well as associated property, buildings and artefacts and policy domains such as social protection, health and education that support well-being and public life (Frolova et al., 2016; Latham and Layton, 2019).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Social_justice"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Social justice</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Just or fair relations within society that seek to address the distribution of wealth, access to resources, opportunity, and support according to principles of justice and fairness.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Social_learning"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Social learning</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A process of social interaction through which people learn new behaviours, capacities, values, and attitudes.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Social_protection"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Social protection</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' In the context of development aid and climate policy, social protection usually describes public and private initiatives that provide income or consumption transfers to the poor, protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks, and enhance the social status and rights of the marginalised, with the overall objective of reducing the economic and social vulnerability of poor, vulnerable, and marginalised groups (Devereux and Sabates-Wheeler, 2004). In other contexts, social protection may be used synonymously with social policy and can be described as all public and private initiatives that provide access to services, such as health, education or housing, or income and consumption transfers to people. Social protection policies protect the poor and vulnerable against livelihood risks and enhance the social status and rights of the marginalised, as well as prevent vulnerable people from falling into poverty.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Societal_transformations"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Societal transformations</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Societal (social) transformations</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A change in the fundamental attributes of human systems advanced by societal actors</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Socio-economic_scenario"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Socio-economic scenario</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A scenario that describes a plausible future in terms of population, gross domestic product (GDP), and other socio-economic factors relevant to understanding the implications of climate change.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Socio-technical_transitions"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Socio-technical transitions</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Where technological change is associated with social systems and the two are inextricably linked.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Soil_carbon_sequestration"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Soil carbon sequestration</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Land management changes which increase the soil organic carbon content, resulting in a net removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Soil_erosion"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Soil erosion</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The displacement of the soil by the action of water or wind. Soil erosion is a major process of land degradation.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Soil_moisture"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Soil moisture</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Water stored in the soil in liquid or frozen form. Root-zone soil moisture is of most relevance for plant activity.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Soil_organic_carbon"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Soil organic carbon</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Carbon contained in soil organic matter.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Soil_organic_matter"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Soil organic matter</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The organic component of soil, comprising plant and animal residue at various stages of decomposition, and soil organisms.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Soil_temperature"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Soil temperature</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The temperature of the soil. This can be measured or modelled at multiple levels within the depth of the soil.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Solar_activity"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Solar activity</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' General term collectively describing a variety of magnetic phenomena on the Sun such as sunspots, faculae (bright areas), and flares (emission of high-energy particles). It varies on time scales from minutes to millions of years. The solar cycle, with an average duration of 11 years, is an example of a quasi-regular change in solar activity.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Solar_cycle"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Solar cycle</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Solar cycle (11-year)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A quasi-regular modulation of solar activity with varying amplitude and a period of between 8 and 14 years.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Solar_energy"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Solar energy</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Energy from the Sun. Often the phrase is used to mean energy that is captured from solar radiation either as heat, as light that is converted into chemical energy by natural or artificial photosynthesis, or by photovoltaic panels and converted directly into electricity.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Solar_radiation"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Solar radiation</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun with a spectrum close to that of a black body with a temperature of 5770 K. The radiation peaks in visible wavelengths. When compared to the terrestrial radiation it is often referred to as shortwave radiation.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Solar_radiation_modification"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Solar radiation modification</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Solar radiation modification (SRM)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Refers to a range of radiation modification measures not related to greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation that seek to limit global warming. Most methods involve reducing the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching the surface, but others also act on the longwave radiation budget by reducing optical thickness and cloud lifetime.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Solubility_pump"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Solubility pump</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A physicochemical process that transports dissolved inorganic carbon from the ocean ’s surface to its interior. The solubility pump is primarily driven by the solubility of carbon dioxide (CO 2) (with more CO 2 dissolving in colder water) and the large-scale, thermohaline patterns of ocean circulation.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Solution_space"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Solution space</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The set of biophysical, cultural, socio-economic and political-institutional dimensions within which opportunities and constraints determine why, how, when and who acts to reduce climate risks. Within these dimensions, there are ’hard’ (unsurpassable) limits and ’soft’(surpassable) limits. The boundaries of the solution space are path dependent, contested and in constant flux (Haasnoot et. al. 2020).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Source"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Source</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas (GHG), an aerosol or a precursor of a GHG into the atmosphere (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Article 1.9 (UNFCCC, 1992)).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="South_American_monsoon"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">South American monsoon</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' South American monsoon (SAmerM)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The South American monsoon (SAmerM) is a regional circulation characterized by inflow of low-level winds from the Atlantic to South America, including Brazil, Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina, associated with the development of surface pressure gradients (and intense precipitation) during austral summer (December–January–February). During September–October–November, areas of intense convection migrate from northwestern South America to the south. Associated with this regime, an upper-tropospheric anticyclone (a.k.a. the Bolivian High) forms over the Altiplano region during the monsoon onset. The SAmerM then retreats during March–April–May with a northeastward migration of the convection. Further details on how SAmerM is defined and used throughout the Report are provided in Annex V.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="South_Pacific_Convergence_Zone"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">South Pacific Convergence Zone</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A band of low-level convergence, cloudiness and precipitation ranging from the west Pacific warm pool south-eastwards towards French Polynesia. It is one of the most significant features of subtropical Southern Hemisphere climate. It shares some characteristics with the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), but is more extratropical in nature, especially east of the International Date Line.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="South_and_South_East_Asian_monsoon"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">South and South East Asian monsoon</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' South and South East Asian monsoon (SAsiaM)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The South and South East Asian monsoon (SAsiaM) is characterized by pronounced seasonal reversals of wind and precipitation. The SAsiaM region extends across vast geographical areas and several countries, including India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and the Philippines. The SAsiaM starts in late May/early June and progresses towards the north-east, ending in late September/early October. During the core monsoon season, maxima of SAsiaM precipitation are located over the west coast, north-east and central north India, Myanmar and Bangladesh, whereas minima are located over north-west and south-eastern India, western Pakistan, and southeastern and northern Sri Lanka. Further details on how SAsiaM is defined and used throughout the Report are provided in Annex V.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Southern_Annular_Mode"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Southern Annular Mode</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Southern Annular Mode (SAM)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The leading mode of climate variability of Southern Hemisphere sea-level pressure and geopotential height, which is associated with the strength and latitudinal shifts in the mid- to high-latitudes westerly wind belt. The SAM is also known as the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO). A positive SAM phase is defined as lower-than-normal pressures over the polar regions and higher-than-normal pressures in the southern mid-latitudes, with a contraction towards Antarctica and strengthening of the westerly wind belt. The negative SAM phase exhibits positive high latitude pressure anomalies, negative mid-latitude pressure anomalies and a weaker westerly flow expanded towards the equator. See Section AIV.2.2 in Annex IV of the AR6 WGI report.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Southern_Ocean"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Southern Ocean</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The ocean region encircling Antarctica that connects the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans together, allowing inter-ocean exchange. This region is the main source of much of the deep water of the world’s ocean and also provides the primary return pathway for this deep water to the surface (Marshall and Speer, 2012; Toggweiler and Samuels, 1995). The drawing up of deep waters and the subsequent transport into the ocean interior has major consequences for the global heat, nutrient and carbon balances, as well as the Antarctic cryosphere and marine ecosystems.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Spatial_and_temporal_scales"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Spatial and temporal scales</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Climate may vary on a large range of spatial and temporal scales. Spatial scales may range from local (less than 100 000 km 2), through regional (100 000 to 10 million km 2) to continental (10 to 100 million km 2). Temporal scales may range from seasonal to geological (up to hundreds of millions of years).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Specific_humidity"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Specific humidity</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The specific humidity specifies the ratio of the mass of water vapour to the total mass of moist air.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Spill-over_effect"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Spill-over effect</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The effects of domestic or sector mitigation measures on other countries or sectors. Spill-over effects can be positive or negative and include effects on trade, (carbon) leakage, transfer of innovations, and diffusion of environmentally sound technology and other issues.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Stadial_or_stade"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Stadial or stade</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A brief period of regional climatic cooling during a glacial or interglacial interval, often characterized by transient glacial advances. Stadials are generally of short duration (hundreds to a few thousand years) compared to glacial or interglacial intervals (lasting many thousands to tens of thousands of years). One example of a regional stadial event is based on millennial scale cooling recorded by oxygen isotope ratios in Greenland ice cores, the so called “Greenland Stadials” (Johnsen et al., 1992).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Standard"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Standard</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Set of rules or codes mandating or defining product performance (e.g., grades, dimensions, characteristics, test methods, and rules for use). Product, technology or performance standards establish minimum requirements for affected products or technologies. Standards impose reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the manufacture or use of the products and/or application of the technology.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Steric_sea_level_change"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Steric sea level change</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Steric sea level change is caused by changes in ocean density and is composed of thermosteric sea level change and halosteric sea level change.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Storm_surge"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Storm surge</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The temporary increase, at a particular locality, in the height of the sea due to extreme meteorological conditions (low atmospheric pressure and/or strong winds). The storm surge is defined as being the excess above the level expected from the tidal variation alone at that time and place.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Storm_tracks"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Storm tracks</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Originally, a term referring to the tracks of individual cyclonic weather systems, but now often generalized to refer to the main regions where the tracks of extratropical disturbances occur as sequences of low (cyclonic) and high (anticyclonic) pressure systems.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Storyline"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Storyline</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A way of making sense of a situation or a series of events through the construction of a set of explanatory elements. Usually, it is built on logical or causal reasoning. In climate research, the term storyline is used both in connection to scenarios as related to a future trajectory of the climate and human systems and to a weather or climate event. In this context, storylines can be used to describe plural, conditional possible futures or explanations of a current situation, in contrast to single, definitive futures or explanations.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Stranded_assets"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Stranded assets</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Assets exposed to devaluations or conversion to ‘liabilities’ because of unanticipated changes in their initially expected revenues due to innovations and/or evolutions of the business context, including changes in public regulations at the domestic and international levels.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Stratification"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Stratification</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Process of forming of layers of (ocean) water with different properties such as salinity, density and temperature that act as barriers for water mixing. The strengthening of near-surface stratification generally results in warmer surface waters, decreased oxygen levels in deeper water and intensification of ocean acidification (OA) in the upper ocean.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Stratosphere"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Stratosphere</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The highly stratified region of the atmosphere above the tropopause, extending to about 50 km altitude.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Stratospheretroposphere_exchange"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Stratosphere–troposphere exchange</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) is understood as the flux of air or trace constituents across the tropopause, including both directions: the stratosphere to troposphere transport (STT) and troposphere to stratosphere transport (TST). STE is one of the key factors controlling the budgets of ozone, water vapour and other substances in both the troposphere and the lower stratosphere.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Stratospheric_aerosol_injection"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Stratospheric aerosol injection</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' One of several solar radiation modification (SRM) approaches to increase the planetary albedo. In the approach, it is proposed to inject highly reflective aerosols such as sulphates into the lower stratosphere. This is expected to increase the fraction of solar radiation deflected to space resulting in a planetary cooling.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Stratospheric_ozone"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Stratospheric ozone</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Stratospheric ozone describes the 3) ozone (O that resides in the stratosphere, the region of the atmosphere which exists between 10 and 50 kilometres above the surface of the earth. Ninety percent of total-column ozone resides in the stratosphere.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Stratospheric_polar_vortex"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Stratospheric polar vortex</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A large-scale region of cold air poleward of approximately 60 degrees that is contained by a strong westerly jet from the tropopause (8–10 km) to the stratopause (50–60 km) and that forms in each hemisphere during the winter half-year. Planetary waves can temporarily disrupt the vortex, producing easterly winds and rapid warming over polar regions in the stratosphere, and leading to substantial weakening or breakdown of the vortex.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Stratospheric_sounding_unit"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Stratospheric sounding unit</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Stratospheric sounding unit (SSU)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A three-channel infrared sounder on operational U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites. The three channels are used to determine profiles of temperature in the stratosphere (AMS, 2021).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Streamflow"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Streamflow</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Water flow within a river channel, for example, expressed in m 3 s –1. A synonym for river discharge.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Stressors"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Stressors</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Events and trends, often not climate-related, that have an important effect on the system exposed and can increase vulnerability to climate-related risk.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Subduction"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Subduction</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Ocean process in which surface waters enter the ocean interior from the surface mixed layer through Ekman pumping and lateral advection. The latter occurs when surface waters are advected to a region where the local surface layer is less dense and therefore must slide below the surface layer, usually with no change in density.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Subnational_actors"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Subnational actors</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' State/provincial, regional, metropolitan and local/municipal governments as well as non-party stakeholders, such as civil society, the private sector, cities and other subnational authorities, local communities and indigenous peoples.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sudden_stratospheric_warming"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sudden stratospheric warming</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A phenomena of rapid warming in the stratosphere at high latitudes (sometimes more than 50°C in 1–2 days) that can cause breakdown of stratospheric polar vortices.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sufficiency"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sufficiency</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A set of measures and daily practices that avoid demand for energy, materials, land and water while delivering human well-being for all within planetary boundaries.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sulphur_hexafluoride"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sulphur hexafluoride</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' SF 6, a greenhouse gas (GHG), is mainly used in heavy industry to insulate high-voltage equipment and to assist in the manufacturing of cable-cooling systems and semiconductors.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sunspots"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sunspots</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Dark areas on the Sun where strong magnetic fields reduce the convection, causing a temperature reduction of about 1500 K compared to the surrounding regions. The number of sunspots is higher during periods of higher solar activity and varies in particular with the solar cycle.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Supply-side_measures"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Supply-side measures</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Policies and programmes for influencing how a certain demand for goods and/or services is met. In the energy sector, supply-side mitigation measures aim at reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions emitted per unit of energy service produced.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Surface_energy_budget"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Surface energy budget</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' comprises the exchanges of heat at the surface of the Earth associated with both radiative and non-radiative processes. Typical units: W m -2.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Surface_mass_balance"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Surface mass balance</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Surface mass balance (SMB)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Surface mass balance refers to the difference between surface accumulation and surface ablation.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Surprises"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Surprises</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A class of risk that can be defined as low-likelihood but well-understood events and events that cannot be predicted with current understanding (see Section 1.4.4.3 in AR6 WGI Chapter 1).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sustainability"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sustainability</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A dynamic process that guarantees the persistence of natural and human systems in an equitable manner.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sustainable_Development_Goals"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sustainable Development Goals</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The 17 global goals for development for all countries established by the United Nations through a participatory process and elaborated in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including ending poverty and hunger; ensuring health and well-being, education, gender equality, clean water and energy, and decent work; building and ensuring resilient and sustainable infrastructure, cities and consumption; reducing inequalities; protecting land and water ecosystems; promoting peace, justice and partnerships; and taking urgent action on climate change.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sustainable_development"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sustainable development</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sustainable development (SD)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987) and balances social, economic and environmental concerns.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sustainable_development_pathways"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sustainable development pathways</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sustainable development pathways (SDPs)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Trajectories aimed at attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the short term and the goals of sustainable development in the long term. In the context of climate change, such pathways denote trajectories that address social, environmental and economic dimensions of sustainable development, adaptation and mitigation, and transformation, in a generic sense or from a particular methodological perspective such as integrated assessment models and scenario simulations.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sustainable_forest_management"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sustainable forest management</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfil, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national, and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems (Forest Europe, 1993).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sustainable_intensification"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sustainable intensification</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Sustainable intensification (of agriculture)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Increasing yields from the same area of land while decreasing negative environmental impacts of agricultural production and increasing the provision of environmental services (CGIAR, 2019). [Note: This definition is based on the concept of meeting demand from a finite land area, but it is scale-dependent. Sustainable intensification at a given scale (e.g., global or national) may require a decrease in production intensity at smaller scales and in particular places (often associated with previous, unsustainable, intensification) to achieve sustainability (Garnett et al., 2013).]</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sustainable_land_management"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sustainable land management</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The stewardship and use of land resources, including soils, water, animals and plants, to meet changing human needs, while simultaneously ensuring the long-term productive potential of these resources and the maintenance of their environmental functions.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Swash"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Swash</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Vertical displacement up the shore-face induced by individual waves.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Sympagic"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Sympagic</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Organisms and habitats related to the sea ice, analogous to pelagic (water column) or benthic (seafloor).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Systems_of_Innovation"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Systems of Innovation</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Systems of Innovation (SI)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The set of public and private sector organisations (i.e., formally organised entities such as firms and universities; ‘actors’) and institutions, whose activities and interactions generate, modify and deploy new technologies. The SI approach has been used to understand and analyse innovation at the national, regional, and technological levels, and in transnational contexts (Lundvall, 1988, 1992).</div>
</div>

</div>
<div class="glossary-letter-section">