Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-5 (section)

===== 5.5.2.1.1 Biological adaptation =====

There are many studies on biological climate change adaptation responses (Crozier and Hutchings, 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1844|1844]]</sup> ; Miller et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1845|1845]]</sup> ; Diamond, 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1846|1846]]</sup> ). Sections 5.2.3 and 5.3.3 discuss three main types of biological adaptation, broadly defined: evolutionary (genetic) adaptation through natural selection; phenotypic plasticity (acclimatisation), within an organism’s lifetime; and individual or population mobility towards more favourable conditions. There are, however, expected to be limits to such natural adaptation, and large variations between species and populations (Gienapp and Merilä, 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1847|1847]]</sup> ).

An accurate understanding of climate change impacts upon species, their sensitivity and adaptive capacity and consequent ecological effects (considering both indirect as well as direct impacts) is used to estimate extinction risk, so that an appropriate management response can be developed (Butt et al., 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1848|1848]]</sup> ). EbA takes these complex interactions into account (Hobday et al., 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1849|1849]]</sup> ), including the disruptive impacts of alien invasive species (Ondiviela et al., 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1850|1850]]</sup> ; Wigand et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1851|1851]]</sup> ) . Effective adaptation action, therefore, contains a broader consideration than historical conservation practices ( ''medium evidence, high agreement'' ), including the development of international collaborations and databases to improve ocean-scale understanding of climate change impacts (Okey et al., 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1852|1852]]</sup> ; Young et al., 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1853|1853]]</sup> ). A key knowledge gap relates to the critical thresholds for irreversible change for species (Powell et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1854|1854]]</sup> ).

<span id="table-5.7"></span>
<!-- START IMG -->
<!-- TABLE IMG -->
<!-- IMG TITLE -->
'''Table 5.7'''
<!-- IMG CAPTION -->
Summary of reported Adaptation responses (A), the Impacts (I) they aimed to address, and the expected Benefits (B) in coastal ecosystems within Physical, Ecological, Social, Governance, Economic and Knowledge categories. For further details of impacts on ecosystems see Section 5.3. Legend: a + sign indicates ''robust evidence'' , a triangle indicates ''medium evidence'' and an underline indicates ''limited evidence'' . Dark blue cells indicate ''high agreement'' , blue indicates ''medium agreement'' and light blue indicates either ''low agreement'' (denoted by presence of a sign) if sufficient papers were reviewed for an assessment or no assessment (if less than three papers were assessed per cell). The papers used for this assessment can be found in SM5.5.

[[File:7d39cdbf3aab3eb42035a9db2c3f1367 table5.7-a.png]]<br />
[[File:995d701e2b1eb3c4eb9b8539bb2d5ab5 table5.7-b.png]]<br />
[[File:2b4df234366282f1ef81dd3b8f263a19 table5.7-c.png]]<br />
[[File:2493b73e56fe1a2359445f0abd7692fc table5.7-d.png]]

<!-- END IMG -->
<div id="section-5-5-2-1ecosystem-based-adaptation-block-3"></div>

<span id="adaptation-in-coral-reefs"></span>