Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.8.2.1 Food security: provision and nutrition ====

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The importance of seafood in food security and nutrition is increasing, largely due to its contribution as high-quality food ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Hicks--2019|Hicks et al., 2019]] ), as seafood contains unique long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and highly bioavailable essential micronutrients—vitamins (A, B and D) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iodine, zinc, iron and selenium). These compounds, often not readily available elsewhere in diets, have beneficial effects for adult health and child cognitive development ( [[#HLPE--2014|HLPE, 2014]] ). Changes in marine and freshwater fish production can have significant consequences for human nutrition ( [[#Colombo--2020|Colombo et al., 2020]] ). These changes are of particular concern in regions with few nutrition alternatives, such as low-income countries in Africa, Asia, Australasia, and Central and South America ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Ding--2017|Ding et al., 2017]] ; [[#Kibria--2017|Kibria et al., 2017]] ).

Freshwater ecosystems that support most inland fisheries are under continuing threat from changes in land use, water availability and pollution and other pressures that will be exacerbated by climate change ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.3.5|Section 4.3.5]] ). Declines in dissolved oxygen in freshwater are 2.75–9.3 times greater than observed in the world’s oceans ( [[#Jane--2021|Jane et al., 2021]] ). These systems have a relatively low buffering capacity and are therefore more sensitive to climate-related shocks and variability ( [[#Harrod--2018b|Harrod et al., 2018b]] ). Freshwater faunae are projected to be highly vulnerable; in the tropics because organisms are closer to approaching their thermal physiological limits and in the northern hemisphere (30–50°N) because the rate of temperature change is faster ( [[#Comte--2017|Comte and Olden, 2017]] ). The worldwide spatial confluence of productive freshwater fisheries and low food security highlights the critical role of rivers and lakes in providing locally sourced, low-cost, nutritious food sources ( [[#McIntyre--2016|McIntyre et al., 2016]] ).

Deltas and other wetland fisheries are extremely vulnerable to climate change and home to a large and growing proportion of the world’s population. In India, Ghana and Bangladesh, where three of the most populated Deltaic systems are located, subsistence fisheries provide 12–60% of the animal protein in people’s diets ( [[#Lauria--2018|Lauria et al., 2018]] ).

The concern over aquatic food products’ safety due to climate change is increasing ( ''high confidence'' ). A strong positive relationship exists between specific bacterial growth rates and temperature, including pathogenic species of the genera ''Vibrio'' , ''Listeria'' , ''Clostridium'' , ''Aeromonas'' , ''Salmonella'' , ''Escherichia'' and others, whose distributional area is expanding with changing climate conditions (Cross-Chapter Box ILLNESS in Chapter 2, [[#5.12.1|Section 5.12.1]] ).

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