Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-3 (section)

===== Terrestrial and freshwater aquatic ecosystems =====

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Climate change is a major driver of species extinction and terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems destruction ( ''high confidence'' ) (AR6 WGII Chapter 2). Analysis shows that approximately half of all species with long-term records have shifted their ranges in elevation and about two thirds have advanced their timing of spring events ( [[#Parmesan--2015|Parmesan and Hanley 2015]] ). Under 3.2°C warming, 49% of insects, 44% of plants and 26% of vertebrates are projected to be at risk of extinction. At 2°C, this falls to 18% of insects, 16% of plants and 8% of vertebrates and at 1.5°C, to 6% of insects, 8% of plants and 4% of vertebrates ( [[#Warren--2018|Warren et al. 2018]] ). Incidents of migration of invasive species, including pests and diseases, are also attributable to climate change, with negative impacts on food security and vector-borne diseases. Moreover, if climate change reduces crop yields, cropland may expand – a primary driver of biodiversity loss – in order to meet food demand ( [[#Molotoks--2020|Molotoks et al. 2020]] ). Land restoration and halting land degradation under all mitigation scenarios has the potential for synergy between mitigation and adaptation.

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