Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

==== 7.5.6.1 Trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services (ES) ====

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Unplanned or unintentional trade-offs and synergies between policy driven response options related to ecosystem services (ES) can happen over space (e.g., upstream-downstream, integrated watershed management, Section 3.7.5.2) or intensify over time (reduced water in future dry-season due to growing tree plantations, Section 6.4.1). Trade-offs can occur between two or more ES (land for climate mitigation vs food; Sections 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, Cross-Chapter Box 8 in Chapter 6; Cross-Chapter Box 9 in Chapters 6 and 7), and between scales, such as forest biomass-based livelihoods versus global ES carbon storage (Chhatre and Agrawal 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r1171|1171]]</sup> ) ( ''medium evidence, medium agreement'' ). Trade-offs can be reversible or irreversible (Rodríguez et al. 2006 <sup>[[#fn:r1172|1172]]</sup> ; Elmqvist et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1173|1173]]</sup> ) (for example, a soil carbon sink is reversible) (Section 6.4.1.1).

Although there is ''robust evidence'' and ''high agreement'' that ES are important for human well-being, the relationship between poverty alleviation and ES can be surprisingly complex, understudied and dependent on the political economic context; current evidence is largely about provisioning services and often ignores multiple dimensions of poverty (Suich et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1174|1174]]</sup> ; Vira et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r1175|1175]]</sup> ). Spatially explicit mapping and quantification of stakeholder choices in relation to distribution of various ES can help enhance synergies and reduce trade-offs (Turkelboom et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1176|1176]]</sup> ; Locatelli et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1177|1177]]</sup> ) (Section 7.5.5).

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