Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-13 (section)

=== 13.7.3 Knowledge Gaps ===

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Literature on the link between public health, climate impacts, vulnerability and adaptation is skewed across Europe, with most studies focusing on region-specific impacts (e.g., flood injuries in WCE, heatwaves in SEU). In general, attributing health impacts to climate change remains challenging, particularly for mental health and well-being, (mal)nutrition and food quality and climate-sensitive infectious diseases, where other socioeconomic determinants play an important role. The connection between climate change and health risks under different socioeconomic development pathways is hardly studied comprehensively for Europe, with some exceptions for extreme events; however, these interactions seem to play an important role in better understanding projected risks and inform choices on adaptation planning.

Some climate-related health issues are emerging, but evidence is too limited for a robust assessment, for example, the links between climate change and violence in Europe ( [[#Fountoulakis--2016|Fountoulakis et al., 2016]] ; [[#Mares--2016|Mares and Moffett, 2016]] ; [[#Sanz-Barbero--2018|Sanz-Barbero et al., 2018]] ; [[#Koubi--2019|Koubi, 2019]] ).

The solution space for public health adaptation in Europe, and the effectiveness of levers for interventions, are hardly assessed. Although health adaptations are documented, these are particularly around mortality and injuries due to extreme events, predominantly floods ( [[#13.2.1|Section 13.2.1]] ) and heatwaves ( [[#13.7.1.1|Section 13.7.1.1]] ). There are very few studies assessing the barriers and enablers of health adaptations, nor systematic assessment of the effectiveness of (the portfolio of) options. Limited insights into what works, and where, hamper upscaling these insights across Europe and constrains the ability to evaluate whether investments in health adaptation have actually reduced risks.

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