Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.8.2.2 Social vulnerabilities, including gender and marginalised groups and cultural services ====

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There is ''high confidence'' that climate change is and will continue to be a threat to the livelihood of millions of fishers, with the most vulnerable being those with fewer opportunities and less income ( [[#Barange--2018|Barange and Cochrane, 2018]] ; [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.4.3|Section 3.4.3]] ). The social vulnerability can differ largely between locations, even between relatively close coastal or inland communities ( [[#Bennett--2014|Bennett et al., 2014]] ; [[#Maina--2016|Maina et al., 2016]] ; [[#Ndhlovu--2017|Ndhlovu et al., 2017]] ; [[#Martins--2019|Martins et al., 2019]] ) and among inhabitants within a location, depending on factors such as access to other economic activities, education, health, adults in the household, and political connections ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Senapati--2017|Senapati and Gupta, 2017]] ; [[#Abu%20Samah--2019|Abu Samah et al., 2019]] ; [[#Lowe--2019|Lowe et al., 2019]] ).

Indigenous coastal communities consume 1.5–2.8 million metric tonnes of fish per year (about 2% of global yearly commercial marine catch), and reach a per capita consumption estimated to be 15 times greater than that of non-Indigenous country populations ( [[#Cisneros-Montemayor--2016|Cisneros-Montemayor et al., 2016]] ). There is ''high confidence'' that some Indigenous fishing communities are particularly vulnerable to climate change through a reduced capacity to conduct traditional harvests because of limited access to, or availability of, fish resources ( [[#Weatherdon--2016|Weatherdon et al., 2016]] ), with consequences that include dietary shifts with significant nutritional and health implications ( [[#Marushka--2019|Marushka et al., 2019]] ), displacement and loss of cultural identity ( [[#Sullivan--2018|Sullivan and Rosenberg, 2018]] ) and loss of social, economic and cultural rights ( [[#Finkbeiner--2018|Finkbeiner et al., 2018]] ). Areas of high risk for Indigenous Peoples include the Arctic, coastal communities with a high dependency on marine and freshwater fisheries, and Small Island States and Territories ( [[#Finkbeiner--2018|Finkbeiner et al., 2018]] ; [[#Hanich--2018|Hanich et al., 2018]] , Section [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/5#CCP6.2.5 CCP6.2.5.1] ).

Women play a crucial role along the entire fisheries value chain, providing labour force in industrialised and small-scale fisheries all around the world ( [[#FAO--2020d|FAO, 2020d]] ). For small-scale fisheries alone, women represent about 11% of the labour force, and their activity is generally in subsistence fisheries, highlighting their role in household food security ( [[#Harper--2020|Harper et al., 2020]] ). In general, gendered division of labour tends to cause lower salaries for women and different perception and experience of risk to climate change impacts ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Lokuge--2017|Lokuge and Hilhorst, 2017]] ).

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