Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-6 (section)

==== 6.4.3.6 Supports Visionary and Imaginative Design ====

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The failure to deliver inclusive and sustainable adaptation contributes to a collective inability to mobilise the power of creative community vision ( ''medium evidence'' , ''high agreement'' ). Urban design plays a central role to support creative adaptation strategies (Box 6.7). Much adaptation action repeats previous experiences. However, the potential for building resilience to deliver adaptation, especially transformative adaptation, requires an articulation of collective visions of the future and the imagination of new or alternative urban futures (Glaas et al., 2018), including through design and deliberate engagement with cultural artefacts, technologies and performances ( [[#Jordan--2020|Jordan, 2020]] ). Social movements can be powerful sources of such alternative visions of the future, as exemplified by recent Youth Climate Strikes and Extinction Rebellion ( ''limited evidence'' , ''medium agreement'' ). Community protest such as Youth Climate Strikes have influenced urban climate policy agendas including the declaration of climate emergency in municipalities worldwide, fostering a new debate on climate change, although their impact on local policy is ambiguous (Davidson et al., 2020; Thomas, Cretney and Hayward, 2019; Prendergast et al., 2021; Ruiz Campillo, Castán Broto and Westman, 2020). Social movements on climate mitigation, such as the Transition Movement and Transition Towns ( [[#Feola--2014|Feola and Nunes, 2014]] ), and school strikes may serve as an example for mobilisations more specifically about climate adaptation and the way new, networked, grassroots citizen activism and community organisations can encourage urban institutional change ( [[#Gunningham--2019|Gunningham, 2019]] ; Jordan et al., 2018; Wahlström et al., 2019). Other strategies such as cultural production and exhibitions may also have an impact (Stripple, Nikoleris and Hildingsson, 2021).

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'''Box 6.7 | The Role of Urban Design in Local Adaptation'''
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Since AR5, there has been a growing literature about the role of urban design, creating new opportunities for both incremental and transformative adaptive responses to climate change ( ''medium evidence'' , ''high agreement'' ). For example, some of these creative design approaches compliment and extend regulatory and land use planning approaches such as form-based codes and established certifications such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design–Neighbourhood Design (LEED-ND) ( [[#Garde--2018|Garde, 2018]] ; [[#Garde--2017|Garde and Hoff, 2017]] ) and the USA’s Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES) ( [[#Valente--2014|Valente, 2014]] ). Emphasis on sufficiency has also influenced urban design, for example, with the mobilisation of ‘doughnut’ economics that emphasise both a social foundation and an environmental ceiling, for example Amsterdam ( [[#Raworth--2017|Raworth, 2017]] ). However, such cases are rare, substantial public investment is often required ( ''high confidence'' , ''high agreement'' ) (see also [[#6.4.7|Section 6.4.7]] on finance and insurance). Other approaches underscore innovation and creativity, at the essence of which are context-specific interventions that draw on a compendium of urban design principles such as indeterminacy (to accommodate climate uncertainty), polyvalency and diversity, and harmony with nature ( [[#Dhar--2017|Dhar and Khirfan, 2017]] ). Creative interventions include the daylighting of buried streams to create climate adaptive public realms (Khirfan et al., 2020; Khirfan, Mohtat and Peck, 2020). For example, the demolition of a major expressway and the restoration of the Cheonggyecheon Stream reorganised downtown Seoul, South Korea, and significantly contributed to climate change adaptation through stormwater management and reducing the urban heat island effect ( [[#Kim--2019|Kim and Jung, 2019]] ). Biomimicry and ecological infrastructure are design features that governance bodies can use to reshape space and contribute to place making ( [[#Santos%20Nouri--2017|Santos Nouri and Costa, 2017]] ; Prior et al., 2018). For example, urban metabolism and local ecological knowledge has constituted the essence of urban design interventions on the Island of Tobago in ways that capitalise on the contiguous relationship between ecosystems (e.g., the mangrove forest) and human actions (rainwater harvesting and grey water management) ( [[#Khirfan--2016|Khirfan and Zhang, 2016]] ). While lack of funding or design capacity, restrictive planning regulations, inequality and competing urban agendas can create barriers for the implementation of creative design solutions. Transition architecture movements are also driving local urban adaptation experiments and exploring ways local learning can be scaled up ( [[#Tubridy--2020|Tubridy, 2020]] ; [[#Irwin--2019|Irwin, 2019]] ).

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