Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

==== 7.5.6.4 Water, food and aquatic ecosystem services (ES) ====

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Trade-offs between some types of water use (e.g., irrigation for food security) and other ecosystem services (ES) are expected to intensify under climate change (Hanjra and Ejaz Qureshi 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r1243|1243]]</sup> ). There is an urgency to develop approaches to understand and communicate this to policymakers and decision-makers (Zheng et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1244|1244]]</sup> ). Reducing water use in agriculture (Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1245|1245]]</sup> ) through policies on both the supply and demand side, such as a shift to less water-intensive crops (Richter et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1246|1246]]</sup> ; Fishman et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1247|1247]]</sup> ), and a shift in diets (Springmann et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1248|1248]]</sup> ) has the potential to reduce trade-offs between food security and freshwater aquatic ES ( ''medium evidence, high agreement'' ). There is strong evidence that improved efficiency in irrigation can actually increase overall water use in agriculture, and therefore its contribution to improved flows in rivers is questionable (Ward and Pulido-Velazquez 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r1249|1249]]</sup> ).

There are now powerful new analytical approaches, high-resolution data and decision-making tools that help to predict cumulative impacts of dams, assess trade-offs between engineering and environmental goals, and can help funders and decision-makers compare alternative sites or designs for dam-building as well as to manage flows in regulated rivers based on experimental releases and adaptive learning. This could minimise ecological costs and maximise synergies with other development goals under climate change (Poff et al. 2003 <sup>[[#fn:r1250|1250]]</sup> ; Winemiller et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1251|1251]]</sup> ). Furthermore, the adoption of metrics based on the emerging concept of Nature’s Contributions to People (NCP) under the IPBES framework brings in non-economic instruments and values that, in combination with conventional valuation of ES approaches, could elicit greater support for non- consumptive water use of rivers for achieving SDG goals (De Groot et al. 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r1252|1252]]</sup> ; Pascual et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1253|1253]]</sup> ).

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