Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-5 (section)

===== 5.5.2.2.1 Coastal communities =====

This section describes a range of adaptation responses reported at the level of the individual or community. Hard engineering responses included small scale hard infrastructure coastal defenses (Betzold and Mohamed, 2017; Jamero et al., 2018), design responses at the household level (Ataur Rahman and Rahman, 2015; Linkon, 2018) and retreat (Marfai et al., 2015). Ecosystem restoration and protection, particularly in mangroves (Ataur Rahman and Rahman, 2015; Bennett et al., 2016; Jamero et al., 2018; Hagedoorn et al., 2019) through community participation programmes (Barbier, 2015; Petzold and Ratter, 2015; Bennett et al., 2016; Dhar and Khirfan, 2016; Jamero et al., 2018) was strongly supported in the literature as a means to improve access to or storage of natural resources ( ''medium evidence, high agreement'' ).

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'''Table 5.8'''
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Summary of reported Adaptation responses (A), the Impacts (I) they aimed to address, and the expected Benefits (B) in human systems within Physical, Ecological, Social, Governance, Economic and Knowledge categories. Legend: a + sign indicates ''robust evidence'' , a triangle indicates ''medium evidence'' and an underline indicates ''limited evidence'' . Dark blue cells indicate ''high agreement'' , blue indicates ''medium agreement'' and light blue indicates either ''low agreement'' (denoted by presence of a sign) if sufficient papers were reviewed for an assessment or no assessment (if less than three papers were assessed per cell). Papers used for this assessment can be found in SM5.6.

[[File:45deab12541685d2376343e8da1e06ee table5.8-a.png]]<br />
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Social responses include increasing climate change awareness, improving participatory decision making through bottom-up approaches, community organisation for action and engagements with local management authorities (Dutra et al., 2015; Tapsuwan and Rongrongmuang, 2015; Galappaththi et al., 2017; Ray et al., 2017; Cinner et al., 2018; Hagedoorn et al., 2019). In coastal communities, and indeed in most other sectors, despite consensus on the importance of cooperation in tackling climate change (Elrick-Barr et al., 2016), adaptation progress may be hampered by competing economic interests and worldviews (Hamilton and Safford, 2015), which can be compounded by limited climate change knowledge (Nanlohy et al., 2015). Factors like home ownership and a general future planning ability support resilience (Elrick-Barr et al., 2016). Climate change adaptation capacity is shaped by historical path dependencies, local context and international linkages, while action is shaped by science, research partnerships and citizen participation (Hernández-Delgado, 2015; Sheller and León, 2016). Locally context-specific data to guide appropriate adaptation response remains a knowledge gap (Abedin and Shaw, 2015; Hobday et al., 2015; Lirman and Schopmeyer, 2016; Williams et al., 2016)

Coastal and oceanic adaptation responses are greatly complicated by the presence of competing interests (either between user groups, communities or nations), where considerations other than climate change need to be incorporated into cooperation agreements and policy (Wong et al., 2014a). The deployment of either built or natural protection systems, or adopting a ‘wait and see’ approach, is subject to the social acceptance of these approaches in communities (Poumadère et al., 2015; Sherren et al., 2016; Torabi et al., 2018). Similarly, the willingness to move away from climate change impacted zones is dependent upon a range of other socioeconomic factors like age, access to resources and crime (Bukvic et al.; Rulleau and Rey-Valette, 2017). Adaptation to climate change includes a range of non-climatic and social variables that complicate implementation of adaptation plans ( ''robust evidence, high agreement'' ).

Improving community participation and integrating knowledge systems (local, traditional and scientific) supports coastal community adaptation responses ( ''high confidence'' ), providing improved co-production of knowledge ( ''medium evidence, high agreement'' ), improved community awareness ( ''medium evidence, medium agreement'' ) and better-informed, more cohesive coastal communities ( ''limited evidence, medium agreement'' ).

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