Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-9 (section)

==== 9.6.1.3 Freshwater Ecosystems ====

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Small climatic variations have large impacts on ecosystem function in Africa’s freshwaters ( [[#Ndebele-Murisa--2014|Ndebele-Murisa, 2014]] ; [[#Ogutu-Ohwayo--2016|Ogutu-Ohwayo et al., 2016]] ). Warming of water temperatures from 0.2°C to 3.2°C occurred in several lakes over 1927–2014 and has been attributed to human-caused climate change (Figure 9.17; [[#Ogutu-Ohwayo--2016|Ogutu-Ohwayo et al., 2016]] ). Increased temperature, changes in rainfall and reduced wind speed altered the physical and chemical properties of inland water bodies, affecting water quality and productivity of algae, invertebrates and fish ( ''high confidence'' ). In deeper lakes, warmer surface waters and decreasing wind speeds reduced shallow waters mixing with nutrient-rich deeper waters, reducing biological productivity in the upper sunlit zone ( [[#Ndebele-Murisa--2014|Ndebele-Murisa, 2014]] ; [[#Saulnier-Talbot--2014|Saulnier-Talbot et al., 2014]] ). In several lakes, climate change was identified as causing changes in insect emergence time ( [[#Dallas--2014|Dallas and Rivers-Moore, 2014]] ) and in loss of fish habitats ( [[#Natugonza--2015|Natugonza et al., 2015]] ; [[#Gownaris--2016|Gownaris et al., 2016]] ). This set of changes can harm human livelihoods, for example, from reduced fisheries productivity (see [[#9.8.5|Section 9.8.5]] ; [[#Ndebele-Murisa--2014|Ndebele-Murisa, 2014]] ; [[#Ogutu-Ohwayo--2016|Ogutu-Ohwayo et al., 2016]] ) and reduced water supply and quality ( [[#9.7.1|Section 9.7.1]] ).

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