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=== <span class="glossary-term">Southern Ocean</span> === <div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div> <div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The ocean region encircling Antarctica that connects the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans together, allowing inter-ocean exchange. This region is the main source of much of the deep water of the worldโs ocean and also provides the primary return pathway for this deep water to the surface (Marshall and Speer, 2012; Toggweiler and Samuels, 1995). The drawing up of deep waters and the subsequent transport into the ocean interior has major consequences for the global heat, nutrient and carbon balances, as well as the Antarctic cryosphere and marine ecosystems.</div> </div> <div class="glossary-entry"> <div id="Spatial_and_temporal_scales"></div>
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