Editing IPCC:AR6/Data/Glossary (section)

== B ==

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Basal_lubrication"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Basal lubrication</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Reduction of friction at the base of an ice sheet or glacier due to lubrication by meltwater. This can allow the glacier or ice sheet to slide over its base. Meltwater may be produced by pressure-induced melting, friction or geothermal heat, or surface melt may drain to the base through holes in the ice.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Baseline_period"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Baseline period</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A time period against which differences are calculated (e.g., expressed as anomalies relative to a baseline).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Baseline_reference"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Baseline/reference</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The baseline (or reference) isthe state against which change is measured. A baseline period isthe period relative to which anomalies are computed. The baseline concentration of a trace gas is that measured at a location not influenced by local anthropogenic emissions.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Baseline_scenario"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Baseline scenario</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' See Reference Scenario</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Behavioural_change"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Behavioural change</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' In this report, behavioural change refers to alteration of human decisions and actions in ways that mitigate climate change and/or reduce negative consequences of climate change impacts.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Benthic"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Benthic</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Occurring at the bottom of a body of water; related to benthos (NOAA, 2018).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Benthos"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Benthos</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The community of organisms living on the bottom or in sediments of a body of water (such as an ocean, a river or a lake). The ecological zone at the bottom of a body of water, including the sediment surface and some subsurface layers, is known as the benthic zone.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Beta_diversity"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Beta diversity</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The change in species composition between different areas (spatial turnover) or times (temporal turnover) due to habitat and environmental heterogeneity</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biochar"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biochar</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Relatively stable, carbon-rich material produced by heating biomass in an oxygen-limited environment. Biochar is distinguished from charcoal by its application: biochar is used as a soil amendment with the intention to improve soil functions and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from biomass that would otherwise decompose rapidly (IBI, 2018).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biochemical_oxygen_demand"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biochemical oxygen demand</span> ===

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by micro-organisms (bacteria) in the bio-chemical oxidation of organic and inorganic matter in wastewater.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biodiversity"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biodiversity</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Biodiversity or biological diversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, among other things, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems (UN, 1992).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biodiversity_hotspots"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biodiversity hotspots</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Biodiversity hotspots are geographic areas exceptionally rich in species, ecologically distinct, and often contain geographically-rare-endemic species. They are thus priorities for nature conservation action.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Bioenergy"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Bioenergy</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Energy derived from any form of biomass or its metabolic by-products.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Bioenergy_with_carbon_dioxide_capture_and_storage"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology applied to a bioenergy facility. Note that depending on the total emissions of the BECCS supply chain, carbon dioxide (CO2) can be removed from the atmosphere.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Bioethanol"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Bioethanol</span> ===

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Ethanol produced from biomass (e.g., sugar cane or corn).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biofuel"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biofuel</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A fuel, generally in liquid form, produced from biomass. Biofuels include bioethanol from sugarcane, sugar beet or maize, and biodiesel from canola or soybeans.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biogenic_carbon_emissions"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biogenic carbon emissions</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Carbon released as carbon dioxide or methane from combustion or decomposition of biomass or biobased products.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biogenic_volatile_organic_compounds"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biogenic volatile organic compounds</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Organic gas-phase compounds emitted from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems that are critical in ecology and plant physiology, from abiotic and biotic stress functions to integrated components of metabolism. BVOCs are important in atmospheric chemistry as precursors for 3) ozone (O and secondary organic aerosol formation. Other terms used to represent BVOCs are hydrocarbons (HCs), reactive organic gases (ROGs) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biogeophysical_potential"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biogeophysical potential</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The mitigation potential constrained by biological, geophysical and geochemical limits and thermodynamics, without taking into account technical, social, economic and/or environmental considerations.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biological_pump"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biological pump</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Biological (carbon) pump</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A series of ocean processes through which inorganic carbon (as carbon dioxide, CO 2) is fixed as organic matter by photosynthesis in sunlit surface water and then transported to the ocean interior, and possibly the sediment, resulting in the storage of carbon.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biomass"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biomass</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Organic material excluding the material that is fossilised or embedded in geological formations. Biomass may refer to the mass of organic matter in a specific area (ISO, 2014).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biomes"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biomes</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Global-scale zones, generally defined by the type of plant life that they support in response to average rainfall and temperature patterns. For example, tundra, coral reefs or savannas (IPBES, 2019).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Biosphere"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Biosphere</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Biosphere (terrestrial and marine)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The part of the Earth system comprising all ecosystems and living organisms, in the atmosphere, on land (terrestrial biosphere) or in the oceans (marine biosphere), including derived dead organic matter, such as litter, soil organic matter and oceanic detritus.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Bipolar_seesaw"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Bipolar seesaw</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Bipolar seesaw (also inter-hemispheric seesaw, inter-hemispheric asymmetry, hemispheric asymmetry)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A phenomenon in which temperature changes in the Northern and Southern hemispheres are related but out of phase, generally inferred to represent a change in the magnitude or sign of net heat transport across the equator. Originally called hemispheric asymmetry and linked to changes in thermohaline overturning circulation on multi-millennial scales (Mix et al, 1986), later named bipolar seesaw and applied to millennial scales (Broecker, 1998) with a similar thermohaline mechanism (Stocker and Johnsen, 2003).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Black_carbon"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Black carbon</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Black carbon (BC)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A relatively pure form of carbon, also known as soot, arising from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass. It only stays in the atmosphere for days or weeks. BC is a climate forcing agent with strong warming effect, both in the atmosphere and when deposited on snow or ice.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Blocking"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Blocking</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Associated with persistent, slow-moving high-pressure systems that obstruct the prevailing westerly winds in the middle and high latitudes and the normal eastward progress of extratropical transient storm systems. It is an important component of the intra-seasonal climate variability in the extratropics and can cause long-lived weather conditions such as cold spells in winter and summer heatwaves.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Blue_carbon"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Blue carbon</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Biologically driven carbon fluxes and storage in marine systems that are amenable to management. Coastal blue carbon focuses on rooted vegetation in the coastal zone, such as tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses. These ecosystems have high carbon burial rates on a per unit area basis and accumulate carbon in their soils and sediments. They provide many non-climatic benefits and can contribute to ecosystem-based adaptation. If degraded or lost, coastal blue carbon ecosystems are likely to release most of their carbon back to the atmosphere. There is current debate regarding the application of the blue carbon concept to other coastal and non-coastal processes and ecosystems, including the open ocean.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Blue_infrastructure"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Blue infrastructure</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Blue infrastructure includes bodies of water, watercourses, ponds, lakes and storm drainage, that provide ecological and hydrological functions including evaporation, transpiration, drainage, infiltration and temporary storage of runoff and discharge.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="BrewerDobson_circulation"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Brewer–Dobson circulation</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The meridional overturning circulation of the stratosphere transporting air upward in the tropics, poleward to the winter hemisphere, and downward at polar and subpolar latitudes. The Brewer–Dobson circulation is driven by the interaction between upward propagating planetary waves and the mean flow.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Burden"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Burden</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The total mass of a substance of concern in the atmosphere.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Business_as_usual"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Business as usual</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Business as usual (BAU)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The term business as usual scenario has been used to describe a scenario that assumes no additional policies beyond those currently in place and that patterns of socio-economic development are consistent with recent trends. The term is now used less frequently than in the past.</div>
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</div>
<div class="glossary-letter-section">