Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-5 (section)

===== 5.5.2.2.2 Built infrastructure =====

Built infrastructure impacts are most frequently addressed through hard engineering approaches including: construction of groins, seawalls, revetments, gabions and breakwaters (Friedrich and Kretzinger, 2012; Vikolainen et al., 2017); improving drainage and raising the height of roadways and other fixed-location infrastructure (Perkins et al., 2015; Becker et al., 2016; Colin et al., 2016; Asadabadi and Miller-Hooks, 2017; Brown et al., 2018a); erosion control systems (Jeong et al., 2014); and the relocation of infrastructure (Friedrich and Kretzinger, 2012; Colin et al., 2016). Nature-based responses are increasingly being reported as complementary and supporting tools (van der Nat et al., 2016; Kabisch et al., 2017; Gracia et al., 2018) using ecological engineering (Perkins et al., 2015; van der Nat et al., 2016; Moosavi, 2017) combined with innovative construction strategies (Moosavi, 2017).

When implemented together, hard and soft engineering responses provide social (Gracia et al., 2018, Martínez et al., 2018; Woodruff, 2018) and ecological (Perkins et al., 2015; van der Nat et al., 2016; Gracia et al., 2018) co-benefits with reduced damage costs (Jeong et al., 2014). Constraints on implementation include the space and extra cost required by ecological infrastructure, sub-optimal performance when impacted by natural physical processes that are disrupted (Gracia et al., 2018) or restrictions associated with governance (Vikolainen et al., 2017). Adaptation planning including local communities can improve implementation and help fill knowledge gaps (Kaja and Mellic, 2017; Moosavi, 2017; Martínez et al., 2018; Mikellidou et al., 2018). Benefits include increased resilience in coastal infrastructure and better informed decision making tools ( ''medium confidence'' ),

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