Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-13 (section)

=== 13.8.2 Solution Space and Adaptation Options ===

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As climate change is interacting with many other drivers of poverty, improving the social position of the currently poor may increase their climate resilience ( ''low confidence'' ) ( [[#Hallegatte--2017|Hallegatte and Rozenberg, 2017]] ; [[#Fronzek--2019|Fronzek et al., 2019]] ). Some adaptation actions have the potential to alleviate poverty ( [[#13.11.3|Section 13.11.3]] ), but adaptation can also increase social inequalities, for instance, when practices of disaster recovery focus on high-visibility areas and not on low-income neighbourhoods or marginalised communities ( [[#D’Alisa--2016|D’Alisa and Kallis, 2016]] ). Risk communication and management reliant on new information technologies can exclude the elderly and populations with lower educational attainment ( [[#Kešetović--2017|Kešetović et al., 2017]] ).

Unlike migration within the EU, migration from outside Europe to Europe is heavily constrained by restrictive migration and asylum policies ( [[#Fielding--2011|Fielding, 2011]] ; [[#Mulligan--2014|Mulligan et al., 2014]] ), eventually leaving people to stay in more exposed and risk-prone regions ( [[#Benveniste--2020|Benveniste et al., 2020]] ). To reduce vulnerability in these regions, Europe can contribute to adaptation and development in regions outside Europe ( [[#13.9.4|Section 13.9.4]] ).

IKLK, embedded, for example, in fishers, farmers and navigators, can be a vehicle for detecting, monitoring and observing impacts ( [[#13.11.1.3|Section 13.11.1.3]] ; [[#Arctic%20Council--2013|Arctic Council, 2013]] ; [[#Brattland--2018|Brattland and]] [[#Mustonen--2018|Mustonen, 2018]] ; Madine et al., 2018; [[#Meredith--2019|Meredith et al., 2019]] ). Regarding risks to northern traditional livelihoods and indigenous communities, small-scale adaptation is taking place, for example, by ecological restoration of habitats ( [[#13.3|Section 13.3]] ; [[#Mustonen--2019|Mustonen and Kontkanen, 2019]] ); however, limited access to resources outside the jurisdictions of the communities limits the scope of community-based adaptation ( [[#Arctic%20Council--2013|Arctic Council, 2013]] ; [[#Mustonen--2018|Mustonen et al., 2018]] ; [[#Meredith--2019|Meredith et al., 2019]] ).

European cultural heritage in general and world heritage sites specifically lack adaptation strategies to preserve key cultural assets ( [[#Haugen--2011|Haugen and Mattsson, 2011]] ; [[#Howard--2013|Howard, 2013]] ; [[#Heathcote--2017|Heathcote et al., 2017]] ; [[#Reimann--2018b|Reimann et al., 2018b]] ; [[#Harkin--2020|Harkin et al., 2020]] ). Key reasons are the underdeveloped adaptation actions available, resources for implementing them and the absence of overarching policy guidance ( [[#Phillips--2015|Phillips, 2015]] ; [[#Fernandes--2017|Fernandes et al., 2017]] ; [[#Sesana--2018|Sesana et al., 2018]] ; [[#Daly--2020|Daly et al., 2020]] ; [[#Fatorić--2020|Fatorić and Biesbroek, 2020]] ; [[#Sesana--2020|Sesana et al., 2020]] ).

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