Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-3 (section)

==== 3.6.2.1 Socio-Institutional Adaptation ====

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Increasing evidence shows that an effective solution portfolio includes social and institutional adaptation (Figure 3.23, top; Table 3.28). Social adaptation to climate change is already occurring, as people use strategies ranging from accommodating change, to coping, adapting and transforming their livelihoods ( [[#Béné--2018|Béné and Doyen, 2018]] ; [[#Fedele--2019|Fedele et al., 2019]] ; [[#Galappaththi--2019|Galappaththi et al., 2019]] ; [[#Barnes--2020|Barnes et al., 2020]] ; [[#Ojea--2020|Ojea et al., 2020]] ; [[#Green--2021c|Green et al., 2021c]] ). Although management and institutions have major roles in adaptation ( [[#Gaines--2018|Gaines et al., 2018]] ; [[#Barange--2019|Barange, 2019]] ), marine governance is impeded by increasing numbers of often-competing users and uses ( [[#Boyes--2014|Boyes and Elliott, 2014]] ); sector-led, fragmented efforts ( [[#Nunan--2020|Nunan et al., 2020]] ); and a legal framework less clear than those on land ( [[#Crespo--2019|Crespo et al., 2019]] ; [[#Guggisberg--2019|Guggisberg, 2019]] ). Future social responses depend on warming levels and on the institutional, socioeconomic and cultural constructs that allow or limit livelihood changes ( ''medium confidence'' ) (Chapter 18; [[#Galappaththi--2019|Galappaththi et al., 2019]] ; [[#Ford--2020|Ford et al., 2020]] ; [[#Green--2021c|Green et al., 2021c]] ). Both social and institutional transformations are needed to change the structures of power, culture, politics and/or identity associated with marine ecosystems ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-1#1.5.2|Section 1.5.2]] ; [[#Wilson--2020b|Wilson et al., 2020b]] ). Ideally, institutional and social adaptation will work together to sustain knowledge systems and education, enhance participation and social inclusion, facilitate livelihood support and transformational change of dependent coastal communities, provide economic and financial instruments, and include polycentric and multi-level governance of transboundary management ( [[#Fedele--2019|Fedele et al., 2019]] ; [[#Fulton--2019|Fulton et al., 2019]] ).

'''Table 3.28 |''' Assessment of socio-institutional adaptation solutions to reduce mid-term climate impacts in oceans and coastal ecosystems a

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Solution

! Confidence in solution (mid-term potential)

! Contribution to adaptation

! Selected references

! Examples of implementation

|-
| Knowledge diversity

| ''High confidence''

| Consideration of IK and LK systems is beneficial to communities, increases their resilience and is relevant and transferable beyond the local scale.

| [[#Norström--2020|Norström et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Petzold--2020|Petzold et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Gianelli--2021|Gianelli et al. (2021)]] ; [[#Schlingmann--2021|Schlingmann et al. (2021)]]

| Ecotourism ( [[#3.6.3.1.3|Section 3.6.3.1.3]] ), conservation ( [[#3.6.3.2|Section 3.6.3.2.1]] )

|-
| Socially inclusive policies

| ''High confidence''

| Policies that promote participation of a diversity of groups are able to address existing vulnerabilities in coastal communities and promote adaptation and transformational change.

| Brodie [[#Rudolph--2020|Rudolph et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Ford--2020|Ford et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Friedman--2020|Friedman et al. (2020)]]

| Finance ( [[#3.6.3|Section 3.6.3.4.2]] )

|-
| Participation

| ''Medium confidence''

| Participation in decision making and adaptation processes is recommended across a range of different hazards and contexts, and has the potential to improve adaptation outcomes.

| Brodie [[#Rudolph--2020|Rudolph et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Claudet--2020a|Claudet et al. (2020a)]] ; [[#Hügel--2020|Hügel and Davies, 2020]] ); [[#Sumaila--2021|Sumaila et al. (2021)]]

| Fisheries and mariculture ( [[#3.6.3.1.2|Section 3.6.3.1.2]] ), Indigenous Peoples ( [[#3.6.3|Section 3.6.3.4.1]] )

|-
| Livelihood diversification

| ''Medium confidence''

| Livelihood diversification in communities dependent on marine and coastal ecosystems reduces climate risks and confers flexibility to individuals, which is key to adaptive capacity.

| [[#Blanchard--2017|Blanchard et al. (2017)]] ; [[#Cinner--2019|Cinner and Barnes (2019)]] ; [[#Shaffril--2020|Shaffril et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Owen--2020|Owen (2020)]] ; [[#Pinsky--2021|Pinsky (2021)]] ; [[#Taylor--2021|Taylor et al. (2021)]]

| Fisheries and mariculture ( [[#3.6.3.1.2|Section 3.6.3.1.2]] ), coastal communities (Cross-Chapter Box SLR in Chapter 3), tourism ( [[#3.6.3.1.3|Section 3.6.3.1.3]] )

|-
| Mobility

| ''Medium confidence''

| When individuals are given the choice about mobility, they may elect to use this response to minimise climate risks and benefit their livelihoods.

| [[#Barnett--2018|Barnett and McMichael (2018)]]

| Fisheries and mariculture ( [[#3.6.3.1.2|Section 3.6.3.1.2]] )

|-
| Migration

| ''Low confidence''

| Migration often involves different spatial and temporal scales than mobility. Migration could be considered an adaptation solution for some coastal and island populations in the cases of extreme events, but also as a response to more gradual changes (e.g., coastal erosion from sea level rise).

| [[#Maharjan--2020|Maharjan et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Biswas--2021|Biswas and Mallick (2021)]] ; [[#Zickgraf--2021|Zickgraf (2021)]]

| Coastal livelihoods ( [[#3.6.3.1.1|Section 3.6.3.1.1]] )

|-
| Finance and market mechanisms

| ''High confidence''

| Financial mechanisms and credit provision for marine-dependent livelihoods are effective for overcoming impacts from SLR, extreme events and other climate-induced drivers.

| Shaffril et al. (2017); [[#Dunstan--2018|Dunstan et al. (2018)]] ; [[#Hinkel--2018|Hinkel et al. (2018)]] ; [[#Moser--2019|Moser et al. (2019)]] ; [[#Sainz--2019|Sainz et al. (2019)]] ; Woodruff et al. (2020)

| Economic dimensions ( [[#3.6.3|Section 3.6.3.4.2]] )

|-
| Disaster response programmes

| ''High confidence''

| Disaster response programmes confer resilience to communities and contribute to adaptation, when designed to be inclusive, participatory and adaptive.

| [[#Nurhidayah--2019|Nurhidayah and McIlgorm (2019)]]

| Climate services ( [[#3.6.3|Section 3.6.3.4.3]] ) '','' tourism cruise-ship sector ( [[#3.6.3.1.3|Section 3.6.3.1.3]] )

|-
| Multi-level ocean governance

| ''High confidence''

| The multi-scale nature of ocean and coastal climate-change risk demands adaptation solutions at multiple levels of governance that consider the objectives and perceptions of all stakeholders to support local implementation of broad strategies.

| [[#Miller--2018|Miller et al. (2018)]] ; [[#Gilfillan--2019|Gilfillan (2019)]] ; [[#Holsman--2019|Holsman et al. (2019)]] ; [[#Obura--2021|Obura et al. (2021)]]

| Policy frameworks ( [[#3.6.4.3|Section 3.6.4.3]] )

|-
| Institutional transboundary agreements

| ''Medium confidence''

| Institutional agreements for the management of transboundary marine resources are key for a sustainable future given current impacts on marine species distribution due to climate change.

| [[#Engler--2020|Engler (2020)]] ; [[#Mason--2020|Mason et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Oremus--2020|Oremus et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Melbourne-Thomas--2021|Melbourne-Thomas et al. (2021)]]

| Fisheries ( [[#3.6.3.1.2|Section 3.6.3.1.2]] ; Cross-Chapter Box MOVING SPECIES in Chapter 5)

|}

(a) Confidence is assessed in SM3.5.1. Feasibility and effectiveness are assessed in Figure 3.24.

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