Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.9.2.1 Gender and other social vulnerability and roles in aquaculture ====

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There are regional differences in women’s roles, responsibilities and involvement in adaptation strategies in the aquaculture sector. Women comprise 14% of the 2018 global aquaculture workforce of 20.5 million ( [[#FAO--2020c|FAO, 2020c]] ), representing up to 42% of the salmon workforce in Chile ( [[#Chávez--2019|Chávez et al., 2019]] ), predominantly in processing roles ( [[#Gopal--2020|Gopal et al., 2020]] ). In the majority of lower-middle-income countries, seaweed culture is dominated by women in family-owned businesses as in Zanzibar and the Philippines ( [[#Brugere--2020|Brugere et al., 2020]] ; [[#Ramirez--2020|Ramirez et al., 2020]] ), where women are not always paid directly but contribute to family incomes ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Msuya--2017|Msuya and Hurtado, 2017]] ; [[#Brugere--2020|Brugere et al., 2020]] ; [[#Ramirez--2020|Ramirez et al., 2020]] ). In India, women collect stocking juveniles and assist in pond construction; in Bangladesh, women do the same tasks as men; and in Ghana, women undertake post-harvest fishing activities ( [[#Lauria--2018|Lauria et al., 2018]] ). Women employed in aquaculture cooperatives gained adaptive capacity, which reduced gender inequities ( ''medium confidence'' ) ( [[#Farquhar--2018|Farquhar et al., 2018]] ; [[#Gonzal--2019|Gonzal et al., 2019]] ), but lack of financial access for women can create gender inequity at larger commercial scales ( [[#Gurung--2016|Gurung et al., 2016]] ; [[#Call--2019|Call and Sellers, 2019]] ). Women in aquaculture experience competing roles between employment, childcare and home duties ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Morgan--2015|Morgan et al., 2015]] ; [[#Lauria--2018|Lauria et al., 2018]] ; [[#Chávez--2019|Chávez et al., 2019]] ; see Cross-Chapter Box GENDER in Chapter 18) and differ from men in terms of perceptions of environmental risk, climate change and adaptation behaviour, with limited contributions to decision making ( ''medium confidence'' ) ( [[#Barange--2018|Barange and Cochrane, 2018]] ). Therefore, effective climate aquaculture adaptation options need to address gender inequity, such as suitable technology designs that fit with social norms and access to credit to facilitate independent uptake ( ''medium evidence'' , ''high agreement'' ) ( [[#Morgan--2015|Morgan et al., 2015]] ; [[#Oppenheimer--2019|Oppenheimer et al., 2019]] ). Generalised best practices for gender-sensitive approaches to adaptation are relevant for aquaculture ( [[#UNFCCC--2013|UNFCCC, 2013]] ).

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