Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-3 (section)

==== 3.6.2.2 Built Infrastructure and Technology ====

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Engineering and technology support marine and coastal adaptation (Table 3.29). Built infrastructure includes engineered solutions that protect, accommodate or relocate coastal assets using hard engineering, like seawalls, and soft engineering, such as beach and shore nourishment (Cross-Chapter Box SLR in Chapter 3). Technological tools include early-warning systems for extreme events ( [[#Bindoff--2019a|Bindoff et al., 2019a]] ; [[#Collins--2019a|Collins et al., 2019a]] ), improved forecast and hindcast models ( [[#Winter--2020|Winter et al., 2020]] ; [[#Davidson--2021|Davidson et al., 2021]] ; [[#Spillman--2021|Spillman and Smith, 2021]] ) and environmental monitoring ( [[#Claudet--2020a|Claudet et al., 2020a]] ; [[#Wilson--2020a|Wilson et al., 2020a]] ; [[#Melbourne-Thomas--2021|Melbourne-Thomas et al., 2021]] ) that support informed decision making ( [[#Tommasi--2017|Tommasi et al., 2017]] ; [[#Rilov--2020|Rilov et al., 2020]] ; A. [[#Maureaud--2021|Maureaud et al., 2021]] ). Emerging adaptation technologies, such as habitat development, active restoration and assisted evolution ( [[#Boström-Einarsson--2020|Boström-Einarsson et al., 2020]] ; [[#Kleypas--2021|Kleypas et al., 2021]] ), intend to accelerate recovery of damaged ecosystems and promote ecological adaptation to climate change ( [[#Jones--2018a|Jones et al., 2018a]] ; [[#Boström-Einarsson--2020|Boström-Einarsson et al., 2020]] ; [[#Kleypas--2021|Kleypas et al., 2021]] ).

'''Table 3.29 |''' Assessment of built infrastructure and technology solutions to reduce mid-term climate impacts in oceans and coastal ecosystems a

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Solution

! Confidence in solution (mid-term potential)

! Contribution to adaptation

! Selected references

! Examples of implementation

|-
| Accommodation and relocation

| ''High confidence''

| Asset modification and relocation of livelihoods to adapt to sea level rise, extreme events and coastal erosion.

| [[#Hanson--2020|Hanson and Nicholls (2020)]] ; [[#Monios--2020|Monios and Wilmsmeier (2020)]] ; [[#Zickgraf--2021|Zickgraf (2021)]]

| Cross-Chapter Box SLR in Chapter 3, coastal development ( [[#3.6.3.1.1|Section 3.6.3.1.1]] )

|-
| Protection and beach and shore nourishment

| ''Medium confidence''

| Protection of coastal ecosystems with interventions, such as beach and shore nourishment, is a common response to beach erosion around the world, and an alternative to hard protection structures such as seawalls.

| Pinto et al. (2020); [[#de%20Schipper--2021|de Schipper et al. (2021)]] ; [[#Elko--2021|Elko et al. (2021)]]

| Cross-Chapter Box SLR in Chapter 3, coastal development ( [[#3.6.3.1.1|Section 3.6.3.1.1]] )

|-
| Early-warning systems

| ''High confidence''

| Early-warning systems can support decision making, limit economic losses from extreme events and aid in the enterprise and development of adaptive management systems.

| Bindoff et al. (2019); [[#Collins--2019a|Collins et al. (2019a)]] ; [[#Winter--2020|Winter et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Neußner--2021|Neußner (2021)]]

| Coastal development ( [[#3.6.3.1.1|Section 3.6.3.1.1]] ), human health ( [[#3.6.3.1.5|Section 3.6.3.1.5]] )

|-
| Seasonal and dynamic forecasts

| ''High confidence''

| The proliferation of real-time and seasonal forecasts of temperature extremes, marine heatwaves, storm surges, harmful algal blooms and the distribution of living marine resources greatly contribute to adaptation through monitoring, early-warning systems, adaptive management and ecosystem-based management.

| [[#Payne--2017|Payne et al. (2017)]] ; [[#Hazen--2018|Hazen et al. (2018)]] ; [[#Fernández-Montblanc--2019|Fernández-Montblanc et al. (2019)]] ; [[#Holbrook--2020|Holbrook et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Winter--2020|Winter et al. (2020)]] ; Bever et al. (2021); [[#Davidson--2021|Davidson et al. (2021)]] ; [[#Spillman--2021|Spillman and Smith (2021)]]

| Fisheries and mariculture ( [[#3.6.3.1.2|Section 3.6.3.1.2]] ), marine protected areas (MPAs) ( [[#3.6.3.2|Section 3.6.3.2.1]] ), climate services ( [[#3.6.3.2|Section 3.6.3.2.4]] )

|-
| Monitoring systems

| ''Medium confidence''

| Monitoring systems that address climate-induced drivers, ecosystem impacts and social vulnerabilities in marine social–ecological systems are key for adaptation.

| [[#Nichols--2019|Nichols et al. (2019)]] ; [[#Claudet--2020a|Claudet et al. (2020a)]] ; [[#Wilson--2020a|Wilson et al. (2020a)]]

| MPAs ( [[#3.6.3.2|Section 3.6.3.2.1]] ), climate services ( [[#3.6.3.2|Section 3.6.3.2.4]] ), fisheries ( [[#3.6.3.1.2|Section 3.6.3.1.2]] )

|-
| Habitat development

| ''Low confidence''

| Accelerates the recovery of damaged ecosystems and promotes ecological or biological adaptation to future climate change.

| [[#Jones--2018a|Jones et al. (2018a)]] ; [[#Boström-Einarsson--2020|Boström-Einarsson et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Kleypas--2021|Kleypas et al. (2021)]]

| Restoration ( [[#3.6.3.2.2|Section 3.6.3.2.2]] )

|-
| Active restoration

| ''High confidence''

| Reintroduces species or augments existing populations, for example, propagating and transplanting heat-tolerant coral species.

| [[#Boström-Einarsson--2020|Boström-Einarsson et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Rinkevich--2021|Rinkevich (2021)]]

| Restoration (3.6.3.2.2)

|-
| Assisted evolution

| ''High confidence''

| Manipulates species’ genes to accelerate natural selection.

| [[#Bulleri--2018|Bulleri et al. (2018)]] ; [[#National%20Academies%20of%20Sciences--2019|National Academies of Sciences (2019)]] ; [[#Morris--2020c|Morris et al. (2020c)]]

| Restoration ( [[#3.6.3.2.2|Section 3.6.3.2.2]] )

|}

(a) Confidence is assessed in SM3.5.1. Feasibility and effectiveness are assessed in Figure 3.24.

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