Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-5 (section)

===== 5.5.2.2.5 Government responses =====

Government responses included adopting and mainstreaming sustainability policies, including investments and policies for climate change (Aylett, 2015; Buurman and Babovic, 2016) and applying the precautionary principle in the absence of precise scientific guidance (Johnson et al., 2018). Developing adequate governance and management systems (Johnson et al., 2018), strengthening capacity (Gallo et al., 2017; Paterson et al., 2017), increasing cooperation (Nunn et al., 2014; Gormley et al., 2015) and aligning policies of local authorities (Porter et al., 2015; Gallo et al., 2017; Rosendo et al., 2018) could help to improve implementation (Sano et al., 2015; Elsharouny, 2016). This includes planning for MPAs and improving integrated coastal management (Abelshausen et al., 2015; Roberts et al., 2017; Rosendo et al., 2018) by incorporating climate science (Hopkins et al., 2016; Johnson et al., 2018) to optimise priority marine habitats (Gormley et al., 2015; Jones et al., 2018). An advantage of integrated coastal management is that it helps manage the interactions between multiple climate and non-climatic drivers of coastal ecosystems and sectors. Incorporating stakeholder participation with local knowledge and Indigenous knowledge could help to reduce the risk of maladaptation, and increase buy-in for implementation (Serrao-Neumann et al., 2013). Improving participatory processes strengthens governance decision making and flexible risk management processes (Gerkensmeier and Ratter, 2018; Rosendo et al., 2018), while stimulating bi-directional knowledge flow and improving social learning (Abelshausen et al., 2015).

Technology for environmental monitoring, for example using drones (Clark, 2017), web-based coastal information systems (Mayerle et al., 2016; Newell and Canessa, 2017), the Internet of Things and machine learning solutions promise to improve the local scale knowledge base, which should improve climate adaptation planning and resilience effort and environmental management decisions (Conde et al., 2015). Where such knowledge gaps persist, the implementation of climate change adaptation measures could proceed on the basis of a set of general principals of best practice (Sheaves et al., 2016; Thorne et al., 2017).

Benefits of effective government adaptation response includes the promotion of sustainable use, development and protection of coastal ecosystems (Rosendo et al., 2018) and the protection of biodiversity through setting appropriate conservation priorities (Gormley et al., 2015). Improved governance includes consideration of social processes in risk management (Gerkensmeier and Ratter, 2018; Rosendo et al., 2018) and improved systematic conservation planning (Johnson et al., 2018). At a local level, this translates into sustained service delivery (Aylett, 2015), improved rationality and effective policy making (Serrao-Neumann et al., 2013; Rosendo et al., 2018).

Improving the implementation and coordination of policies and improving integrated coastal management are both considered important climate change adaptation governance responses ( ''robust evidence, high agreement'' ), as are developing partnerships and building capacity ( ''medium evidence, high agreement'' ) and adopting or mainstreaming sustainability policies ( ''limited evidence, medium agreement'' ). Benefits include improved ecosystem resilience, better planning processes, implementation and policies (all ''limited evidence, medium agreement'' ).

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