Editing IPCC:AR6/Data/Glossary (section)

== T ==

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Talik"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Talik</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A layer or body of unfrozen ground in a permafrost area due to a local anomaly in thermal, hydrological, hydrogeological or hydrochemical conditions (IPA, 2005).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Technical_potential"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Technical potential</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The mitigation potential constrained by biogeophysical limits as well as availability of technologies and practices. Quantification of technical potentials takes into account primarily technical considerations, but social, economic and/or environmental considerations are occasionally also included, if these represent strong barriers for the deployment of an option.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Technology_deployment"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Technology deployment</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The act of bringing technology into effective application, involving a set of actors and activities to initiate, facilitate and/or support its implementation.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Technology_diffusion"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Technology diffusion</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The spread of a technology across different groups users/markets over time.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Technology_transfer"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Technology transfer</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The exchange of knowledge, hardware and associated software, money and goods among stakeholders, which leads to the spread of technology for adaptation or mitigation. The term encompasses both diffusion of technologies and technological cooperation across and within countries.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Teleconnection"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Teleconnection</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Association between climate variables at widely separated, geographically fixed locations related to each other through physical processes and oceanic and/or atmospheric dynamical pathways. Teleconnections can be caused by several climate phenomena, such as Rossby wave-trains, mid-latitude jet and storm track displacements, fluctuations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), fluctuations of the Walker circulation, etc. They can be initiated by modes of climate variability, thus providing the development of remote climate anomalies at various temporal lags.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Teleconnection_pattern"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Teleconnection pattern</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Spatial structure of climate anomalies that are linked to each other through teleconnection processes or that are the large-scale fingerprint of modes of climate variability. Teleconnection patterns can be visualized using correlation and/or regression maps of climate variables with some climate indices (i.e., those derived from the temporal variation of the main modes of climate variability). They can also be obtained from principal component analysis, singular value decomposition/maximum covariance analysis, clustering based on spatial recurrence criteria, etc. See also Section Atlas.3.1 of the AR6 WGI report and Teleconnection.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Temperature_overshoot"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Temperature overshoot</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Exceedance of a specified global warming level, followed by a decline to or below that level during a specified period of time (e.g., before 2100). Sometimes the magnitude and likelihood of the overshoot is also characterised. The overshoot duration can vary from one pathway to the next, but in most overshoot pathways in the literature and as referred to as overshoot pathways in the AR6, the overshoot occurs over a period of at least one decade and up to several decades.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Terrestrial_radiation"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Terrestrial radiation</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds. It is also known as thermal infrared or longwave radiation and is to be distinguished from the near-infrared radiation that is part of the solar spectrum. Infrared radiation, in general, has a distinctive range of wavelengths (spectrum) longer than the wavelength of the red light in the visible part of the spectrum. The spectrum of terrestrial radiation is almost entirely distinct from that of shortwave or solar radiation because of the difference in temperature between the Sun and the Earth–atmosphere system.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Thermocline"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Thermocline</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The layer of maximum vertical temperature gradient in the ocean, lying between the surface ocean and the abyssal ocean. In subtropical regions, its source waters are typically surface waters at higher latitudes that have subducted (see Subduction) and moved equatorward. At high latitudes, it is sometimes absent, replaced by a halocline, which is a layer of maximum vertical salinity gradient.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Thermokarst"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Thermokarst</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Process by which characteristic landforms result from thawing of ice-rich permafrost or melting of massive ice (IPA, 2005).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Thermosteric_sea_level_change"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Thermosteric sea level change</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Thermosteric sea level change (where thermosteric sea level rise may also be referred to as thermal expansion) occurs as a result of changes in ocean temperature: increasing temperature reduces ocean density and increases the volume per unit of mass.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tide_gauge"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tide gauge</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A device at a coastal or deep-sea location that continuously measures the level of the sea with respect to the adjacent land. Time averaging of the sea level so recorded gives the observed secular changes of the relative sea level.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tier"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tier</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' In the context of the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, a tier represents a level of methodological complexity. Usually three tiers are provided. Tier 1 is the basic method, Tier 2 intermediate and Tier 3 most demanding in terms of complexity and data requirements. Tiers 2 and 3 are sometimes referred to as higher-tier methods and are generally considered to be more accurate (IPCC, 2019).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Time_of_emergence"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Time of emergence</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Time of emergence (ToE)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Time when a specific anthropogenic signal related to climate change is statistically detected to emerge from the background noise of natural climate variability in a reference period, for a specific region (Hawkins and Sutton, 2012).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tipping_element"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tipping element</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A component of the Earth system that is susceptible to a tipping point.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tipping_point"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tipping point</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A critical threshold beyond which a system reorganises, often abruptly and/or irreversibly.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Top-of-atmosphere_energy_budget"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Top-of-atmosphere energy budget</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Comprises the energy fluxes associated with incoming solar radiation, reflected solar radiation and emitted thermal radiation. Typical units: W m -2.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Total_alkalinity"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Total alkalinity</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Total Alkalinity (A T) is a measurable parameter of the seawater acid–base system which, when expressed in micromoles per kilogram of seawater, is a conservative variable both on mixing and for changes in temperature and/or pressure. Changes in total alkalinity in the oceans can result from a variety of biogeochemical processes that affect the acid–base composition of the seawater itself. However, its value is not affected by the exchange of carbon dioxide gas between seawater and the atmosphere. Measurements of total alkalinity can thus be used to help study these biogeochemical processes and can also be used to help calculate the state of the seawater acid–base system. Total alkalinity is most commonly measured using an acidimetric titration technique that determines how much acid is required to titrate a seawater sample to a specified equivalence point.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Total_carbon_budget"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Total carbon budget</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Refers to two concepts in the literature: (i) an assessment of carbon cycle sources and sinks on a global level, through the synthesis of evidence for fossil fuel and cement emissions, emissions and removals associated with land use and land-use change, ocean and natural land sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the resulting change in atmospheric CO2 concentration.This is referred to as the total carbon budget when expressed starting from the pre-industrial period, and as the remaining carbon budget when expressed from a recent specified date.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Total_solar_irradiance"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Total solar irradiance</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Total solar irradiance (TSI)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The total amount of solar radiation in watts per square metre received outside the Earth’s atmosphere on a surface normal to the incident radiation, and at the Earth’s mean distance from the Sun. Reliable measurements of solar radiation can only be made from space, and the precise record extends back only to 1978. Variations of a few tenths of a percent are common, usually associated with the passage of sunspots across the solar disk. The solar cycle variation of TSI is of the order of 0.1% (AMS, 2021).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Total_water_level"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Total water level</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Extreme total water level (ETWL) is the Extreme still water level (ESWL) plus wave setup. When considering coastal impacts, swash is also important, and Extreme coastal water level (ECWL) is used.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Trace_gas"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Trace gas</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A minor constituent of the atmosphere, next to nitrogen and oxygen that together make up 99 % of all volume. The most important trace gases contributing to the greenhouse effect are carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and water vapour (H2O).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Trade-off"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Trade-off</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A competition between different objectives within a decision situation, where pursuing one objective will diminish achievement of other objective(s). A trade-off exists when a policy or measure aimed at one objective (e.g., reducing greenhouse gas emissions) reduces outcomes for other objective(s) (e.g., biodiversity conservation, energy security) due to adverse side effects, thereby potentially reducing the net benefit to society or the environment.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Traditional_biomass"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Traditional biomass</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The combustion of wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and/or animal dung for cooking or heating in open fires or in inefficient stoves as is common in low-income countries.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Transformation"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Transformation</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A change in the fundamental attributes of natural and human systems.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Transformation_pathways"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Transformation pathways</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Trajectories describing consistent sets of possible futures of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, atmospheric concentrations, or global mean surface temperatures implied from mitigation and adaptation actions associated with a set of broad and irreversible economic, technological, societal, and behavioural changes. This can encompass changes in the way energy and infrastructure are used and produced, natural resources are managed and institutions are set up and in the pace and direction of technological change.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Transformational_adaptation"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Transformational adaptation</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Adaptation that changes the fundamental attributes of a social-ecological system in anticipation of climate change and its impacts.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Transformative_change"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Transformative change</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A system-wide change that requires more than technological change through consideration of social and economic factors that, with technology, can bring about rapid change at scale.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Transient_climate_response"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Transient climate response</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Transient climate response (TCR)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The surface temperature response for the hypothetical scenario in which atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) increases at 1% yr -1 from pre-industrial to the time of a doubling of atmospheric CO 2 concentration (year 70).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Transient_climate_response_to_cumulative_CO2_emissions"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions (TCRE)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The transient surface temperature change per unit cumulative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, usually 1000 GtC. TCRE combines both information on the airborne fraction of cumulative CO2 emissions (the fraction of the total CO2 emitted that remains in the atmosphere, which is determined by carbon cycle processes) and on the transient climate response (TCR).</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Transition"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Transition</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The process of changing from one state or condition to another in a given period of time. Transition can occur in individuals, firms, cities, regions and nations, and can be based on incremental or transformative change.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tree_line"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tree line</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The upper limit of tree growth in mountains or at high latitudes. It is more elevated or more poleward than the forest line.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tree_rings"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tree rings</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Concentric rings of secondary wood evident in a cross section of the stem of a woody plant. The difference between the dense, small-celled late wood of one season and the wide-celled early wood of the following spring enables the age of a tree to be estimated, and the ring widths or density can be related to climate parameters such as temperature and precipitation.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Trend_estimates_uncertainty"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Trend estimates uncertainty</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Uncertainty arising from data fitting to a time-series with potential non-linear and autorogressive character.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tropical_Atlantic_Variability"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tropical Atlantic Variability</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Tropical Atlantic Variability (TAV)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A generic term to describe the climate variability of the tropical Atlantic which is dominated at interannual to decadal time scales by two main climate modes: the Atlantic Zonal Mode (AZM) and the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM). The Atlantic Zonal Mode, also commonly referred to as the Atlantic Niño or Atlantic equatorial mode, is associated with sea surface temperature anomalies near the equator, peaking in the eastern basin, while the Atlantic meridional mode is characterized by an inter-hemispheric gradient of sea surface temperature and wind anomalies. Both modes are associated with significant teleconnections over Africa and South America.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tropical_cyclone"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tropical cyclone</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The general term for a strong, cyclonic-scale disturbance that originates over tropical oceans. Distinguished from weaker systems (often named tropical disturbances or depressions) by exceeding a threshold wind speed. A tropical storm is a tropical cyclone with one-minute average surface winds between 18 and 32 m s –1. Beyond 32 m s –1, a tropical cyclone is called a hurricane, typhoon or cyclone, depending on geographic location.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tropopause"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tropopause</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere. It ranges from 8–9 km at high latitudes to 15–16 km in the tropics.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Troposphere"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Troposphere</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The lowest part of the atmosphere, below the tropopause, where clouds and weather phenomena occur. In the troposphere, temperatures generally decrease with height.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tropospheric_ozone"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tropospheric ozone</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Tropospheric ozone acts as a greenhouse gas.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tsunami"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tsunami</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A wave, or train of waves, produced by a disturbance such as a submarine earthquake displacing the sea floor, a landslide, a volcanic eruption or an asteroid impact.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Tundra"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Tundra</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A treeless biome characteristic of polar and alpine regions.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Turnover_time"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Turnover time</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Turnover time (T)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' (also called global atmospheric lifetime) is the ratio of the mass M of a reservoir (e.g., a gaseous compound in the atmosphere) and the total rate of removal S from the reservoir: T = M/S. For each removal process, separate turnover times can be defined. In soil carbon biology, this is referred to as mean residence time.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Typological_regions"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Typological regions</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Regions of the Earth that share one or more specific features (known as ’typologies’), such as geographic location (e.g., coastal), physical processes (e.g., monsoons), and biological (e.g., coral reefs, tropical forests), geological (e.g., mountains) or anthropogenic (e.g., megacities) formation, and for which it is useful to consider the common climate features. Typological regions are smaller than climatic zones (e.g., a mountain region) and can be discontinuous (e.g., a group of megacities affected by the urban heat island effect, or monsoon regions).</div>
</div>

</div>
<div class="glossary-letter-section">