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== Footnotes == # <span id="fn:1">Estimates are only given until 2016 as this is the latest date when data are available for all gases.</span> # <span id="fn:2">Net anthropogenic flux of CO <sub>2</sub> due to land cover change such as deforestation and afforestation, and land management including wood harvest and regrowth, as well as peatland burning, based on two bookkeeping models as used in the Global Carbon Budget and for AR5. Agricultural soil carbon stock change under the same land use is not considered in these models.</span> # <span id="fn:3">Estimates show the mean and assessed uncertainty of two databases, FAOSTAT and USEPA 2012</span> # <span id="fn:4">Total non-AFOLU emissions were calculated as the sum of total CO <sub>2</sub> -eq emissions values for energy, industrial sources, waste and other emissions with data from the Global Carbon Project for CO <sub>2</sub> , including international aviation and shipping and from the PRIMAP database for CH <sub>4</sub> and N <sub>2</sub> O averaged over 2007–2014 only as that was the period for which data were available.</span> # <span id="fn:5">The natural response of land to human-induced environmental changes is the response of vegetation and soils to environmental changes such as increasing atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> concentration, nitrogen deposition, and climate change. The estimate shown represents the average from Dynamic Global Vegetation Models.</span> # <span id="fn:6">All values expressed in units of CO <sub>2</sub> -eq are based on AR5 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP) values without climate-carbon feedbacks (N2O = 265; CH <sub>4</sub> = 28). Note that the GWP has been used across fossil fuel and biogenic sources of methane. If a higher GWP for fossil fuel CH <sub>4</sub> (30 per AR5), then total anthropogenic CH <sub>4</sub> emissions expressed in CO <sub>2</sub> -eq would be 2% greater.</span> # <span id="fn:7">The detailed list of all values used to construct this figure is provided in Table A2.1 in the Appendix at the end of the chapter.</span> # <span id="fn:8">The term “forestation” is used herein as this chapter does not distinguish between afforestation and reforestation. In model-based studies, simulations with and without trees are compared; in observation-based estimates, sites with and without trees are compared.</span> # <span id="fn:9">CO <sub>2</sub> fluxes due to land use, land-use change and forestry, in essence, not including the part of AFOLU fluxes that are from agriculture.</span> # <span id="fn:10">UNFCCC. INDCs as communicated by Parties, www4.unfccc.int/submissions/indc/Submission%20Pages/submissions.aspx (UNFCCC, 2015).</span> # <span id="fn:11">UNFCCC. Greenhouse Gas Inventories, unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventories/national_inventories_submissions/items/8812.php (UNFCCC, 2015).</span> # <span id="fn:12">UNFCCC. National Communications Non-Annex 1, unfccc.int/nationalreports/non-annexinatcom/submittednatcom/items/653.php (UNFCCC, 2015).</span> # <span id="fn:13">UNFCCC. National Communications Annex 1, unfccc.int/nationalreports/annexinatcom/submittednatcom/items/7742.php (UNFCCC, 2015).</span> # <span id="fn:14">UNFCCC. Biennial Update Reports, unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/reporting_on_climate_change/items/8722.php (UNFCCC, 2015).</span> <span id="section-3"></span> <span id="references"></span>
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