Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-13 (section)

== 13.10 Further Research ==

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Research has expanded in a number of areas relevant to climate mitigation, yet there is considerable scope to add to knowledge. Key areas for research exist in climate institutions and governance, politics, policies and acceleration of action. In each area there is an overarching need for more ''ex post'' analysis of impact, more cases from the developing world, and understanding how institutions and policies work in combination with each other.

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=== 13.10.1 Climate Institutions, Governance and Actors ===

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• The different approaches to framework legislation, how it can be tailored to country context and evolve over time, how it diffuses across countries, and ''ex post'' analysis of its impact.

'''•''' Approaches to mainstreaming climate governance across sectors and at different scales, and developing governmental and non-governmental capacity to bring about long-term low-carbon transformations and associated capacity needs.

'''•''' The drivers of sub-national climate action, the scope for coordination or leakage with other scales of action, and the effect, in practice on GHG outcomes.

• Comparative research on how countries develop NDCs, and whether and how that shapes national policy processes.

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=== 13.10.2 Climate Politics ===

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• The full range of approaches that governments and non-governmental actors may take to overcome lock-in to carbon-intensive activities including through addressing material endowments, cultural values, institutional settings and behaviours.

'''•''' The factors that influence emergence of popular movements for and against climate actions, and their direct and indirect impacts.

'''•''' The role of civic organisations in climate governance, including religious organisations, consumer groups, indigenous communities, labour unions, and development aid organisations.

'''•''' The relationship between climate governance approaches and differing political systems, including the role of corruption on climate governance.

'''•''' The impacts of media – traditional and social – on climate mitigation, including the role of disinformation.

'''•''' The role of corporate actors in climate governance across a broad range of industries.

• Systematic comparative research on the differing role of climate litigation across various juridical systems.

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=== 13.10.3 Climate Policies ===

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• Greater ''ex post'' empirical studies of mitigation policy outcomes, their design features, the impacts of policy instruments under different conditions of implementation, especially in developing countries. Such research needs to assess the effectiveness, economic and distributional effects, co-benefits and side effects, and transformational potential of mitigation policies.

'''•''' Understand how packages of policies are designed and implemented, including with attention to local context and trade-offs.

'''•''' Policy design and institutional needs for the explicit purpose of net zero transitions.

'''•''' Greater understanding of the differences between, and benefits of, policy packages and economy-wide measures for in-system and cross-system structural change.

'''•''' Policies and packages for emissions sources that are unregulated or under-regulated, including industrial and non-CO 2 emissions.

• The existence and extent of carbon leakage across countries, the relative impact of different channels of leakage, and the implications of policy instruments designed to address leakage.

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=== 13.10.4 Coordination and Acceleration of Climate Action ===

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• How to ensure a just transition that gains wide popular support through research on actual and perceived distributional effects across countries and contexts.

'''•''' How to coordinate and integrate for climate mitigation, between what actors, sectors, governance scale and goals, and how to evaluate.

'''•''' Knowledge on the political and policy related links between adaptation and mitigation across sectors and countries.

'''•''' Further theoretical and empirical research on the necessary institutional, cultural, social and political conditions to accelerate climate mitigation.

'''•''' How to transform developed and developing economies and societies for acceleration, including by shifting development pathways.

• The approaches to, and value of, coordinated, cross economy structural change, including Green New Deal approaches, as a way to accelerate GHG reduction.

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