Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.5.2.4 The Role of Education and Local Knowledge in Adapting to Climate Change. ====

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Education can help improve understanding of issues related to climate change and increase adaptive capacity (Fauville et al., 2011; Marshall et al., 2013; von Heland et al., 2014; Pescaroli and Magni, 2015; Tapsuwan and Rongrongmuang, 2015; Wynveen and Sutton, 2015). Participatory processes can facilitate the development of networks between coastal communities and environmental managers for the purposes of developing and implementing adaptation strategies (Wynveen and Sutton, 2015). Education, combined with other forms of institutional support empowers fisheries and aquaculture communities (Table 5.8) to make informed adaptation decisions and take action ( ''medium evidence, medium agreement)'' .

Local knowledge and Indigenous knowledge systems can complement scientific knowledge by, for example, improving community ability to understand their local environment (Andrachuk and Armitage, 2015), forecast extreme events (Audefroy and Sánchez, 2017) and help to increase community resilience (Leon et al., 2015; Sakakibara, 2017; Cinner et al., 2018; Panikkar et al., 2018). Committing resources could strengthen local level adaptation planning (Alam et al., 2016; Novak Colwell et al., 2017) through the inclusion of cultural practices (Audefroy and Sánchez, 2017; Fatorić and Seekamp, 2017) and Indigenous knowledge systems (Kuruppu and Willie, 2015; von Storch et al., 2015). Local knowledge can, however, act as a barrier to adaptation where there is a strong dependency upon such knowledge for immediate survival, to the detriment of long-term adaptation planning (Marshall et al., 2013; Metcalf et al., 2015). There is evidence, however, to suggest that vulnerability in fisheries communities and coastal tourism operators with high levels of local knowledge is reduced where they have a correspondingly high level of adaptive capacity (Marshall et al., 2013). Resource users with high levels of local knowledge may also be able to identify signals of change within their environment, and recognise the need to adapt. In these instances, fishers with higher local knowledge are expected to demonstrate a higher adaptive capacity than fishers with lower local knowledge, and can be expected to progress towards developing new strategies to combat the impacts of climate change (Kittinger et al., 2012). In these instances, local knowledge acts to promote adaptation ( ''medium confidence'' ).

Localised, individual-scale behaviors can aggregate rapidly and contribute to the global adaptation response. This can be supported by clear messaging that clarifies the role of individuals, households and local businesses in addressing climate change. Coastal communities can improve the co-production of climate change knowledge ( ''medium evidence, good agreement'' ) through the integration of knowledge systems (Table 5.8). In fisheries and aquaculture, better-informed decision making tools ( ''medium evidence, medium agreement'' ) are supported by improved participatory processes ( ''high confidence'' ), integrating knowledge systems ( ''medium evidence, good agreement'' ) and improving decision support frameworks ( ''medium evidence, medium agreement'' ).

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