Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/SPM (section)

== Footnotes ==

# <span id="fn:1">The terrestrial portion of the biosphere that comprises the natural resources (soil, near-surface air, vegetation and other biota, and water), the ecological processes, topography, and human settlements and infrastructure that operate within that system.  </span>
# <span id="fn:2">The three Special reports are: ''Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty; Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems; The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate.''  </span>
# <span id="fn:3">Related proposals were: climate change and desertification; desertification with regional aspects; land degradation – an assessment of the interlinkages and integrated strategies for mitigation and adaptation; agriculture, forestry and other land use; food and agriculture; and food security and climate change.  </span>
# <span id="fn:4">Sustainable land management is defined in this report as ‘the stewardship and use of land resources, including soils, water, animals and plants, to meet changing human needs, while simultaneously ensuring the long-term productive potential of these resources and the maintenance of their environmental functions’.  </span>
# <span id="fn:5">Desertification is defined in this report as ‘land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas resulting from many factors, including climatic variations and human activities’.  </span>
# <span id="fn:6">Land degradation is defined in this report as ‘a negative trend in land condition, caused by direct or indirect human induced processes, including anthropogenic climate change, expressed as long-term reduction and as loss of at least one of the following: biological productivity; ecological integrity; or value to humans’.  </span>
# <span id="fn:7">Food security is defined in this report as ‘a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life’.  </span>
# <span id="fn:8">The assessment covers literature accepted for publication by 7th April 2019.  </span>
# <span id="fn:9">Each finding is grounded in an evaluation of underlying evidence and agreement. A level of confidence is expressed using five qualifiers: very low, low, medium, high and very high, and typeset in italics, for example, medium confidence. The following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood of an outcome or a result: virtually certain 99–100% probability, very likely 90–100%, likely 66–100%, about as likely as not 33–66%, unlikely 0–33%, very unlikely 0–10%, exceptionally unlikely 0–1%. Additional terms (extremely likely 95–100%, more likely than not &gt;50–100%, more unlikely than likely 0–&lt;50%, extremely unlikely 0–5%) may also be used when appropriate. Assessed likelihood is typeset in italics, for example, very likely. This is consistent with IPCC AR5.  </span>
# <span id="fn:10">Land’s potential net primary production (NPP) is defined in this report as ‘the amount of carbon accumulated through photosynthesis minus the amount lost by plant respiration over a specified time period that would prevail in the absence of land use’.  </span>
# <span id="fn:11">In its conceptual framework, IPBES uses ‘nature’s contribution to people’ in which it includes ecosystem goods and services.  </span>
# <span id="fn:12">e., estimated at $75 trillion for 2011, based on US dollars for 2007.  </span>
# <span id="fn:13">This statement is based on the most comprehensive data from national statistics available within FAOSTAT, which starts in 1961. This does not imply that the changes started in 1961. Land use changes have been taking place from well before the pre-industrial period to the present.  </span>
# <span id="fn:14">A heatwave is defined in this report as ‘a period of abnormally hot weather’. Heatwaves and warm spells have various and, in some cases, overlapping definitions.  </span>
# <span id="fn:15">The interpretation of satellite observations can be affected by insufficient ground validation and sensor calibration. In addition their spatial resolution can make it difficult to resolve small-scale changes.  </span>
# <span id="fn:16">Vegetation greening is defined in this report as ‘an increase in photosynthetically active plant biomass which is inferred from satellite observations’.  </span>
# <span id="fn:17">CO <sub>2</sub> fertilisation is defined in this report as ‘the enhancement of plant growth as a result of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO <sub>2</sub> ) concentration’. The magnitude of CO <sub>2</sub> fertilisation depends on nutrients and water availability.  </span>
# <span id="fn:18">Vegetation browning is defined in this report as ‘a decrease in photosynthetically active plant biomass which is inferred from satellite observations’.  </span>
# <span id="fn:19">Evidence relative to such trends in dust storms and health impacts in other regions is limited in the literature assessed in this report.  </span>
# <span id="fn:20">The assessment covered literature whose methodologies included interviews and surveys with indigenous peoples and local communities.  </span>
# <span id="fn:21">This assessment only includes CO <sub>2</sub> , CH <sub>4</sub> and N <sub>2</sub>  </span>
# <span id="fn:22">Global food system in this report is defined as ‘all the elements (environment, people, inputs, processes, infrastructures, institutions, etc.) and activities that relate to the production, processing, distribution, preparation and consumption of food, and the output of these activities, including socioeconomic and environmental outcomes at the global level’. These emissions data are not directly comparable to the national inventories prepared according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.  </span>
# <span id="fn:23">The net anthropogenic flux of CO <sub>2</sub> from ‘bookkeeping’ or ‘carbon accounting’ models is composed of two opposing gross fluxes: gross emissions (about 20 GtCO <sub>2</sub> yr <sup>-1</sup> ) are from deforestation, cultivation of soils, and oxidation of wood products; gross removals (about 14 GtCO <sub>2</sub> yr <sup>-1</sup> ) are largely from forest growth following wood harvest and agricultural abandonment ( ''medium confidence'' ).  </span>
# <span id="fn:24">This assessment only includes CO <sub>2</sub> , CH <sub>4</sub> and N <sub>2</sub>  </span>
# <span id="fn:25">Land conditions encompass changes in land cover (e.g., deforestation, afforestation, urbanisation), in land use (e.g., irrigation), and in land state (e.g., degree of wetness, degree of greening, amount of snow, amount of permafrost).  </span>
# <span id="fn:26">Land with high albedo reflects more incoming solar radiation than land with low albedo.  </span>
# <span id="fn:27">The literature indicates that forest cover changes can also affect climate through changes in emissions of reactive gases and aerosols. {2.4, 2.5}  </span>
# <span id="fn:28">Emerging literature shows that boreal forest-related aerosols may counteract at least partly the warming effect of surface albedo. {2.4.3}  </span>
# <span id="fn:29">Unprecedented climatic conditions are defined in this report as ‘not having occurred anywhere during the 20th century’. They are characterised by high temperature with strong seasonality and shifts in precipitation. In the literature assessed, the effect of climatic variables other than temperature and precipitation were not considered.  </span>
# <span id="fn:30">The supply of food is defined in this report as ‘encompassing availability and access (including price)’. Food supply instability refers to variability that influences food security through reducing access.  </span>
# <span id="fn:31">West Africa has a high number of people vulnerable to increased desertification and yield decline. North Africa is vulnerable to water scarcity.  </span>
# <span id="fn:32">The land systems considered in this report do not include urban ecosystem dynamics in detail. Urban areas, urban expansion, and other urban processes and their relation to land-related processes are extensive, dynamic, and complex. Several issues addressed in this report such as population, growth, incomes, food production and consumption, food security, and diets have close relationships with these urban processes. Urban areas are also the setting of many processes related to land-use change dynamics, including loss of ecosystem functions and services, that can lead to increased disaster risk. Some specific urban issues are assessed in this report.  </span>
# <span id="fn:33">Sustainable land management is defined in this report as ‘the stewardship and use of land resources, including soils, water, animals and plants, to meet changing human needs, while simultaneously ensuring the long-term productive potential of these resources and the maintenance of their environmental functions’. Examples of options include, inter alia, agroecology (including agroforestry), conservation agriculture and forestry practices, crop and forest species diversity, appropriate crop and forest rotations, organic farming, integrated pest management, the conservation of pollinators, rain water harvesting, range and pasture management, and precision agriculture systems.  </span>
# <span id="fn:34">Sustainable forest management is defined in this report as ‘the stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality, and their potential to fulfil now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions at local, national and global levels and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems’.  </span>
# <span id="fn:35">In this report references to pathways limiting global warming to a particular level are based on a 66% probability of staying below that temperature level in 2100 using the MAGICC model.  </span>
# <span id="fn:36">Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are scenarios that include timeseries of emissions and concentrations of the full suite of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and chemically active gases, as well as land use/land cover.  </span>
# <span id="fn:37">Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) integrate knowledge from two or more domains into a single framework. In this figure, IAMs are used to assess linkages between economic, social and technological development and the evolution of the climate system.  </span>
# <span id="fn:38">The RCP1.9 pathways assessed in this report have a 66% chance of limiting warming to 1.5°C in 2100, but some of these pathways overshoot 1.5°C of warming during the 21 <sup>st</sup> century by &gt;0.1°C.    </span>

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