Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/TS (section)

=== Water systems and water security ===

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'''TS.B.4 Currently, roughly half of the world’s population are experiencing severe water scarcity for at least 1 month yr''' -1 '''due to climatic and other factors''' '''(''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). Water insecurity is manifested through climate-induced water scarcity and hazards and is further exacerbated by inadequate water governance (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''')''' '''''.''''' '''Extreme events and underlying vulnerabilities have intensified the societal impacts of droughts and floods, negatively impacted agriculture and energy production and increased the incidence of water-borne diseases. Economic and societal impacts of water insecurity are more pronounced in low-income countries than in middle- and high-income ones (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' (Figure TS.2, Figure TS.3, Figure TS.6 WATER-FOOD) { Table 2.2, Table 2.3, 2.3.3. 2.4.2, 2.4.4, 4.1.1, Box 4.1, 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.2.4, 4.2.5, 4.2.6, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3, 4.3.4, 4.3.5, 4.3.6, 4.3.8, 4.4.4, 5.9.1, 5.12.2, 5.12.3, 6.2.2, 6.2.3, 7.2.2, 7.2.4, 7.2.5, 7.2.6, 7.2.7, 8.3.2, 8.3.3, 9.7.1, 9.9.2, Box 9.4, 10.4.1, 10.4.4, Box 10.4, 10.5.4, Boxes 11.1–11.6, Table 11.2, 11.3, 11.3.1, 11.3.2, 11.4, Table 11.4, 11.3.3, 11.5.2, Table 11.2a, 11.3.3.1, Box, 11.3, Box 11.4, 12.3, 12.3.1, 12.3.2, 12.3.6, 12.3.7, 12.4, Table 12.4, 12.5.3.1, Figure 12.7, Figure 12.9, Figure 12.10, Figure 12.13, Table SM12.6, 13.3.1, 13.5.1, 13.6.1, 13.8.1, 13.10.1, 14.5.1–4,, 14.5.6, 14.7, Box 14.7, 15.3.3, 15.3.4, 16.2.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP1.2.3 CCP1.2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP3.1.2 CCP3.1.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP3.2.1 CCP3.2.1] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.2 CCP5.2.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.3 CCP5.2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.7 CCP5.2.7] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.1 CCP6.2.1] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.5 CCP6.2.5] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP7.2.3 CCP7.2.3] , CCB DISASTER, CCB ILLNESS, CCB EXTREMES }

'''TS.B.4.1 Climate change has intensified the global hydrological cycle, causing several societal impacts, which are felt disproportionately by vulnerable people (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Human-induced climate change has affected physical aspects of water security through increasing water scarcity and exposing more people to water-related extreme events like floods and droughts, thereby exacerbating existing water-related vulnerabilities caused by other socioeconomic factors ( ''high confidence'' ). Many of these changes in water availability and water-related hazards can be directly attributed to anthropogenic climate change ( ''high confidence'' ). Water insecurity disproportionately impacts the poor, women, children, Indigenous Peoples and the elderly in low-income countries ( ''high confidence'' ) and specific marginal geographies (e.g., small island states and mountain regions). Water insecurity can contribute to social unrest in regions where inequality is high and water governance and institutions are weak ( ''medium confidence'' ). (Figure TS.6 WATER-FOOD, Figure TS.7 VULNERABILITY) { 2.3.1, 2.3.3, 2.4.4, 4.1.1, 4.2.1, Box 4.1, 4.2.4, 4.3.6, 5.12.2, 5.12.3, 6.2.2, 6.2.3, 7.2.7, 9.7.1, 10.4.4, 12.5.3.1, 13.8.1, 15.3.3, 15.3.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.2 CCP5.2.2] , CCB EXTREMES }

'''TS.B.4.2 Worldwide, people are increasingly experiencing unfamiliar precipitation patterns, including extreme precipitation events (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Nearly half a billion people now live in areas where the long-term average precipitation is now as high as was previously seen in only about 1 in 6 years ( ''medium confidence'' ). Approximately 163 million people now live in unfamiliarly dry areas ( ''medium confidence'' ) compared to 50 years ago ''.'' The intensity of heavy precipitation has increased in many regions since the 1950s ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' Substantially more people (around 709 million) live in regions where annual maximum 1-d precipitation has increased than in regions where it has decreased (around 86 million) ( ''medium confidence'' ) since the 1950s. At the same time, more people (around 700 million) have been experiencing longer dry spells than shorter dry spells since the 1950s ( ''medium confidence'' ), leading to compound hazards related to both warming and precipitation extremes in most parts of the world ( ''medium confidence'' ). (Figure TS.6 WATER-FOOD) { 2.3.1 '', 4'' .2.2, 4.2.3, 4.2.6, 4.3.1, 4.3.4, 6.2.2, 9.5.2–6, 13.2, 13.10, CCB EXTREMES }

'''TS.B.4.3 Glaciers are melting at unprecedented rates, causing negative societal impacts among communities that depend on cryospheric water resources (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Over the last two decades, the global glacier mass loss rate has been the highest since the glacier mass balance measurements began a century ago ( ''high confidence'' ). Melting of glaciers, snow decline and thawing of permafrost have threatened the water and livelihood security of local and downstream communities through changes in hydrological regimes and increases in the potential of landslides and glacier lake outburst floods. Cryosphere changes have impacted cultural uses of water among vulnerable mountain and Arctic communities and Indigenous Peoples ( ''high confidence'' ), who have long experienced historical, socioeconomic and political marginalisation ( ''medium to high confidence'' ). Cryosphere change has affected ecosystems, water resources, livelihoods and cultural uses of water in all cryosphere-dependent regions across the world ( ''very high confidence'' ). (Figure TS.3) { 2.4.3, 2.6.5, 4.2.2, 4.3.8, 4.4.4, 6.2.2, 9.5.8, 10.5.4, 11.3.3, 10.4.4, Box 10.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.2 CCP5.2.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.7 CCP5.2.7] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.5 CCP6.2.5] , 11.2.1, Table 11.2b, Table 11.9, 12.3.2, 12.3.7, Figure 12.9, Figure 12.13, Table SM12.6 }

'''TS.B.4.4 Impacts of droughts and floods have intensified due to extreme events and underlying societal vulnerabilities (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Anthropogenic climate change has led to increased likelihood, severity and societal impacts of droughts (primarily agricultural and hydrological droughts) in many regions ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' Between 1970 and 2019, drought-related disaster events worldwide caused billions of dollars in economic damages ( ''medium confidence'' ). Drylands are particularly exposed to climate change related droughts ( ''high confidence'' ). Recent heavy rainfall events that have led to catastrophic flooding were made more likely by anthropogenic climate change ( ''high confidence'' ). Observed mortality and losses due to floods and droughts are much greater in regions with high vulnerability and vulnerable populations such as the poor, women, children, Indigenous Peoples and the elderly due to historical, political and socioeconomic inequities ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' { 4.2.4, 4.2.5, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 6.2.2, 7.2.2, 7.2.4, 7.2.5, 7.2.6, 11.2.1, 11.2.a, 13.2.1, 14.5.3, 15.3.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP3.1.2 CCP3.1.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP3.2.1 CCP3.2.1] , 8.3.2, 8.3.3, 9.9.2, Box 9.4, 15.3.3, 15.3.4, 16.2.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.6 CCP5.2.6] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP7.2.3 CCP7.2.3] , CCB DISASTER, CCB EXTREMES }

'''TS.B.4.5 Climate-induced changes in the hydrological cycle have negatively impacted freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.''' Climate change and changes in land use and water pollution are key drivers of ecosystem loss and degradation ( ''high confidence'' ), with negative impacts observed on culturally significant terrestrial and freshwater species and ecosystems in the Arctic, mountain regions and other biodiversity hotspots ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' Climate trends and extreme events have had major impacts on many natural systems ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' For example, periodic droughts in parts of the Amazon since the 1990s, partly attributed to climate change, resulted in high tree mortality rates and basin-wide reductions in forest productivity, momentarily turning Amazon forests from a carbon sink into a net carbon source ( ''high confidence'' ). Fire risks have increased due to heat and drought conditions in many parts of the world ( ''medium confidence'' ). Increased precipitation has resulted in range shifts of species in some regions ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' (Figure TS.10 COMPLEX RISK) { 2.4.2, 2.4.3, 2.4.4; Table 2.2; Table 2.3, Table SM2.1, 4.3.3, 4.3.4, 4.3.5, 4.3.8, 9.6.1, 11.3.1, 11.3.2, Table 11.2b, Table 11.4, Table 11.6, Table 11.9, 12.3, 12.4, Figure 12.7, Figure 12.9, Figure 12.10, 13.3.1, 14.5.1, 14.5.2, 14.5.3, Box 14.7, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP1.2.3 CCP1.2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.3 CCP5.2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.1 CCP6.2.1] }

'''TS.B.4.6 Hydrological cycle changes have impacted food and energy production and increased the incidence of water-borne diseases.''' Climate-induced trends and extremes in the water cycle have impacted agricultural production positively and negatively, with negative impacts outweighing the positive ones ( ''high confidence'' ). Droughts, floods and rainfall variability have contributed to reduced food availability and increased food prices, threatening food and nutrition security, and the livelihoods of millions globally ( ''high confidence'' ), with the poor in parts of Asia, Africa and South and Central America being disproportionately affected ( ''high confidence'' ). Drought years have reduced thermoelectric and hydropower production by around 4–5% compared to long-term average production since the 1980s ( ''medium confidence'' ), reducing economic growth in Africa and with billions in US dollars of existing and planned hydropower infrastructure assets in mountain regions worldwide and in Africa exposed to increasing hazards ( ''high confidence'' ). Changes in temperature, precipitation and water-related disasters are linked to increased incidences of water-borne diseases such as cholera, especially in regions with limited access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure ( ''high confidence'' ). { 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3, 4.3.4, 4.3.5,4.3.6, 4.3.8, 5.9.1, 7.2.2, 9.7.1, Box 9.4, Box 9.5, 9.8.2, 9.10.2, 10.4.1, 11.3.3, Box 11.3, 11.4, 11.5.2, Table 11.2, Boxes 11.1–11.6, 13.2.1, 13.5.1, 13.6.1, 13.7.1, 14.5.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.2 CCP5.2.2] }

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