Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-14 (section)

===== KR4: Risk of degradation of marine and coastal ecosystems, including loss of biodiversity, function and related services with cascading effects for communities and livelihoods =====

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Ocean warming will increase the frequency and intensity of MHWs (see Box 14.3), accelerate unprecedented rates of sea ice loss, and alter ocean circulation, chemistry and nutrient cycling in ways that profoundly impact marine productivity, biodiversity and food webs ( ''very high confidence'' ) ( [[#14.5.2|Section 14.5.2]] ). Collectively these impacts pose a risk to nearshore ecological and human systems ( ''high confidence'' ), increasing the probability of phenological mismatches, large-scale redistribution of species, and species population declines ( [[#14.5.4|Section 14.5.4]] ) with cascading impacts that strain cultural and economic systems reliant on marine productivity across North America ( ''high confidence'' ). Nearshore areas of Chesapeake Bay (USA) and Akimiski Island, mid-western James Bay and the coasts in the Pacific ranging from the Gulf of Alaska through Baja Peninsula, have a high proportion of species near their upper thermal limit, and are areas that are particularly susceptible to climate-change risk.

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